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REESE  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"Received  ,  igo     . 


ct^d-6-, 


essioii  No. 


85155 


Class  No. 


A  MANUAL  FOR 


Aspirants  for  Commissions 


IN  THK 


United  States  Army. 


UNIVERSITY 
BY 

IRA  I,.  REKVES, 

First  I<ieutenant  Fourth  U.  S.  Infantry. 


1901. 

HuDS0N-Ki.vaB1CRI,Y  PuEIylSHING   CO. 

Kansas  City,  Missouri. 


^5'" 

ti 


Copyrighted  1901,  by 

HUDSON-KIMBERLY  PUBLISHING  CO., 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

PREFACE 5 

CHAPTER  I.    INTRODUCTORY 7 

CHAPTER  II.     APPOINTMENTS  FROM  GRADUATES  OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY 10 

Appointment  and  Admission  of  Cadets  to  the  United  States  Mil- 
itary Academy 10 

Qualifications 13 

Character  of  Academical  Examination 13 

Academic  Duties 14 

Military   Instruction 15 

Pay  of  Cadets '. 16 

Assignment  to  Corps  after  Graduation 16 

Notes 17 

CHAPTER  III.     PROMOTION  OF  ENLISTED  MEN 18 

Qualifications  Required  of  Applicants  from  the  Army 18 

The  Examination 19 

Candidates  for  Promotion 21 

CHAPTER  IV.    ENLISTING  FOR  A  COMMISSION 24 

The  Advantages  and  Disadvantages  of  the  Different  Arms 24 

Cavalry 24 

Artillery... 25 

Infantry 25 

Battalion  of  Engineers 26 

Hospital  Corps 26 

A   Bit  of  Advice  to   Aspirants 26 

Miscellaneous....** 28 

CHAPTER  V.  THE  ENLISTED  MEN  OF  THE  REGULAR 

ARMY • 30 

Requirements  to  Enter  the  Service 31 

Declaration  of  Recruit 34 

Consent  in  Case  of  Minor 35 

Oath  of  Enlistment. .' 35 


-„85155 


CHAPTER  VI.    PROMOTIONS  FROM  CIVIL  LIFE 39 

Applications— To  Whom  Made 3fl 

Examining  Boards— How  Constituted •• ,10 

Qualifications— Rules  Governing  the  Examination 40 

Assignment  to  Regiment 41 

Expenses  Incident  to  the  Examination 42 

Notes 42 

CHAPTER  VII.    A   SHORT    TALK    WITH    NEWLY    COMMIS- 
SIONED OFFICERS 43 

CHAPTER    VIII.    GRADES    OF    RANK    OF    OFFICERS    AND 

NON-COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS 46 

Relative  Rank  between  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy 47 

Pay  and  Allowances  of  Officers 48 

Pay  and  Allowances  of  Enlisted  Men 51 

CHAPTER   IX.    A   FEW   WORDS    FROM    A    SOLDIER'S    DIC- 
TIONARY  ' 55 

APPENDIX  A.    QUESTIONS  ASKED  CANDIDATES  FOR  AD- 
MISSION TO  THE  MILITARY  ACADEMY  AT  A  RECENT 

EXAMINATION 59 

APPENDIX    B.    LAW   AUTHORIZING    PROMOTION    OF    EN- 
LISTED MEN,  AND  LIST  OF  QUESTIONS  ASKED  AT  A 

RECENT  EXAMINATION.. 67 

APPENDIX     C.    QUESTIONS    ASKED     CANDIDATES     FROM 

CIVIL  LIFE  AT  A  RECENT  EXAMINATION 77 

APPENDIX  D.    COURSE   OF  STUDY  AND  BOOKS  USED   AT 
THE  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 


PREFACE. 

Someone  has  aptly  said  that,  ^'Military  glory  consists  in  get- 
ting killed  on  the  field  of  battle  and  then  having  your  name 
misspelled  in  the  newspapers."  It  is  for  the  benefit  of  young 
men  who  are  seeking  just  such  glory  that  this  little  volume  has 
been  prepared.  The  author  (or  compiler,  for  this  is  but  little 
more  than  a  compilation  of  Army  Regulations,  etc.)  has  striven 
to  give  the  very  latest  orders  and  laws  pertaining  to  the  ex- 
amination and  appointment  of  candidates  to  the  Army  as  sec- 
ond lieutenants.  In  a  few  original  chapters  he  has  assumed  the 
fatherly  role,  and  ventures  words  of  advice  and  offers  bits  of 
Information  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  of  benefit  to  the  ambitious 
person  who  reads  this  volume  and  pursues  his  efforts  to  obtain 
a  second  lieutenancy  in  the  best  army  in  the  world. 


CREDITS  DUE. 

In  compiling  this  little  work  the  following  have  been  heavily 
drawn  from: 

United  States  Army  Regulations. 

The  Official  Army  Register. 

General  Orders  from  the  Adjutaut-Generars  Office. 

Enlistment  Papers,  Recruiting  Circular,  etc. 

The  Army  Paymaster's  Manual. 

The  Official  Register  of  Officers  and  Cadets  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  New  York,  June  30,  1900, 
published  by  order  of  Colonel  Mills,  Superintendent  of  the  Acad- 
emy, by  First  Lieutenant  W.  C.  Rivers,  First  Cavalry,  Adjutant 
U.  S.  M.  A.  Many  whole  paragraphs  were  appropriated  from 
this  little  booklet,  and  nearly  all  of  the  information  in  Chapter 
II.  and  Appendix  A  was  obtained  from  it. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

"For  gold  the  merchant   plows   the    main, 
The  farmer  plows  the  manor; 
But  glory  is  the  soldier's  prize, 
The  soldier's  wealth   is  honor.*'— Burns. 

An  Army  officer  has  no  sinecure.  His  life  is  not  made  up 
of  full-dress  balls,  parades,  revelry,  gold-laced  uniforms  and 
big  pay — the  popular  civilian  idea  of  his  daily  pastime.  The  ex- 
ercise of  command  is  the  least  onerous  of  his  numerous  duties. 
A  young  officer  frequently  finds  himself  recorder  or  member  of 
a  board  of  survey,  judge-advocate  or  member  of  a  general  court- 
martial,  acting  as  counsel  for  a  military  prisoner;  he  must  take 
his  turn  as  officer  of  the  guard  or  officer  of  the  day,  attend 
numerous  roll-calls,  drills  and  exercises;  he  must  keep  himself 
"brushed  up'*  on  professional  subjects,  prepare  essays,  super- 
intend or  actually  perform  the  "paper  work"  of  the  company 
to  which  he  belongs,  conduct  school  for  the  non-commissionedl 
officers,  and  give  his  personal  attention  to  divers  other  duties. 

The  youth  with  intentions  to  enter  the  service  for  the  emol- 
uments only  had  better  change  his  mind  and  look  up  a  more 
lucrative  position.  There  are  very  few  officers  who  save  from- 
their  pay  anything  worth  mentioning.  Few  officers  by  the  time 
they  reach  the  age  for  retirement  have  saved  sufficient  to  buy 
themselves  a  comfortable  home.  True,  the  position  is  one  that 
lasts  during  good  behavior,  health,  and  until  reaching  the  age 
for  retirement,  and  the  pay  is  continually  increasing.    The  de- 


8  A  Mamial  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

mands  incident  to  increased  rank  readily  consume  the  augmen- 
tation of  the  pay  voucher. 

The  chances  for  further  promotion  of  officers  just  coming? 
in  as  second  lieutenants  are  fairly  good.  Under  present  condi- 
tions there  will  be  no  such  rapid  promotion  as  the  past  two 
years  have  given,  but  there  are  reasons  to  believe  that  advance- 
ment will  be  more  rapid  than  it  was  previous  to  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  It  took  from  six  to  eight  years  to  reach  a  first 
lieutenancy  at  that  time.  With  an  army  the  size  that  our  pres- 
ent national  policy  will  require,  together  with  the  hardships 
of  tropical  service,  causing  many  retirements  for  physical  dis- 
ability, the  probabilities  are  that  a  second  lieutenant  will  re- 
quire no  longer  than  three  or  four  years  to  reach  the  next  higher 
grade. 

There  are  three  ways  by  which  an  aspirant  may  obtain  a 
commission  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  Army, 
viz. :  First — By  graduating  from  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  New  York.  Second — Enlisting  and  taking  the  competi- 
tive examination  from  the  ranks.    Third — From  civil  life. 

The  Cadet  at  the  National  Military  Academy  always  has 
gentlemanly  treatment,  but  the  duties  are  extremely  hard;  the 
discipline  is  just,  but  severe;  the  course  of  study  is  very  difficult 
for  the  time  allotted  to  cover  it;  but  the  persevering  young 
man  who  passes  from  one  class  to  the  next  higher  till  he  finally 
graduates,  usually  joins  his  regiment  an  excellent  officer.  He 
does  not,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  know  it  all  when  he  joins,  for  a 
regular  regiment  differs  as  much  from  the  corps  of  Cadets  as  a 
full-dress  parade  does  from  field  service.  He  has  the  "cue," 
however,  and  soon  catches  on  to  the  practical  workings  of  the 
Army.  A  graduate  of  the  Academy  who  is  a  "soldier  born"  un- 
doubtedly has  an  advantage  over  the  officer  who  enters  the  Army 
by  one  of  the  other  two  roads. 


m  the  United  States  Army,  9 

Many  excellent  officers  of  our  service  have  secured  theii* 
commissions  from  the  ranks.  It  is  a  good  school,  and  no  officer 
who  has  carried  a  musket  as  an  enlisted  man  is  any  the  worse 
for  it.  There  is  nothing  degrading  or  menial  about  the  duties 
of  a  soldier.  He  is  not  required  to  shine  shoes  or  do  similar 
service  for  the  officers.  When  he  does  such  service,  he  does  it 
voluntarily,  and  receives  extra  pay  for  it  from  the  officer  for 
whom  the  work  is  done.  Of  course  he  helps  to  do  cooking  and 
the  "police"  duties  about  the  camp  or  barracks,  and  he  cleans 
his  own  equipment  and  makes  his  own  bed,  but  this  training 
serves  him  well  once  that  he  becomes  an  officer. 

The  Army  has  many  officers  who  secured  appointment  from 
civil  life,  a  great  number-  of  them  having  been  volunteer  officers 
during  the  Civil  War.  For  fidelity,  patriotism  and  intelligent 
service,  no  country  could  ask  more  than  that  rendered  by  this 
class  of  the  officers  of  our  Regular  Army. 

An  effort  has  been  made  in  the  following  pages  to  give  the 
latest  laws  and  regulations  governing  the  applications,  examina- 
tions and  appointment  of  candidates  for  commissions  in  the 
Army,  together  with  other  information  which  will  probably  be 
found  useful  by  the  aspirant. 


10       A  Mcmual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 


CHAPTER  II. 

APPOINTMENTS    FROM    GRADUATES    OF    THE    UNITED 
STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

APPOINTMENT  AND  ADMISSION  OF  CADETS  TO  THE 
UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY.— QUALIFICA- 
TIONS.—CHARACTER  OP  ACADEMICAL  EXAMINATION. 
—ACADEMIC  DUTIES.— MILITARY  INSTRUCTION.— PAY 
OF  CADETS.— ASSIGNMENT  TO  CORPS  AFTER  GRADUA- 
TION.—NOTES. 

"I  give  it  as  my  fixed  opinion  that,  but  for  our  graduated  cadets, 
the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  might,  and  probably 
would,  have  lasted  for  four  or  five  years,  with,  in  its  first  half,  more 
defeats  than  victories  falling  to  our  share;  whereas,  in  less-  than 
two  campaigns,  we  conquered  a  great  country  and  a  peace,  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  single  battle  or  sMrmish."— W infield  Scott. 

APPOINTMENT  AND    ADMISSION    OF    CADETS    TO    THE 
UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

Each  Congressional  District  and  Territory — also  the  District 
of  Columbia — is  entitled  to  have  one  Cadet  at  the  Academy. 
Each  State  is  also  entitled  to  have  two  Cadets  at  the  Academy, 
from  the  State  at  large.  Thirty  are  appointed  from  the  United 
States  at  large.  The  appointments  (except  thgse  from  the  Uni- 
ted States  at  large  and  from  the  District  of  Columbia)  are  made 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  at  the  request  of  the  Senator,  Repre- 
sentative, or  Delegate,  in  Congress;  and  the  person  appointed 
must  be  an  actual  resident  of  the  State  or  District  or  Territory 
from  which  the  appointment  is  made.  The  appointments  from 
the  United  States  at  large  and  from  the  District  of  Columbia 
are  specially  conferred  by  the  President, 


m  the  United  States  Army.  11 

Applications  can  be  made  at  any  time,  by  letter  to  the  Secre^ 
tary  of  War,  to  have  the  name  of  the  applicant  placed  upon  the 
register  that  it  may  be  furnished  to  the  proper  Senator,  Repre- 
sentative, or  Delegate,  when  a  vacancy  occurs.  The  applica- 
tion must  exhibit  the  full  name,  date  of  birth,  and  permanent 
abode  of  the  applicant,  with  the  number  of  the  Congressional 
District  in  which  his  residence  is  situated. 

Appointments  are  required  by  law  to  be  made  one  year  in 
advance  of  the  date  of  admission,  except  in  cases  where,  by 
reason  of  death  or  other  cause,  a  vacancy  occurs  which  cannot 
be  provided  for  by  such  appointment  in  advance.  These  va- 
cancies are  filled  in  time  for  the  next  examination. 

For  each  candidate  appointed  there  may  be  nominated  a 
legally  qualified  second  candidate,  to  be  designated  the  alter- 
nate. The  alternate  will  also  receive  from  the  War  Department 
a  letter  of  appointment,  and  will  be  examined  with  the  regular 
appointee,  and  if  duly  qualified,  will  be  admitted  to  the  Acad- 
emy in  the  event  of  the  failure  of  the  principal  to  pass  the  pre- 
scribed preliminary  examination.  The  alternate  will  not  be  al- 
lowed to  defer  his  reporting  until  the  result  of  the  examination 
of  the  regular  appointee  is  known,  but  must  report  at  the  time 
designated  by  his  letter  of  appointment.  The  alternate,  like 
the  nominee,  should  be  designated  as  nearly  one  year  in  advance 
of  date  of  admission  as  possible. 

Candidates  selected  by  the  War  Department  will  be  in- 
structed to  appear  for  mental  and  physical  examination  before 
boards  of  Army  officers  to  be  convened  at  such  places  as  the 
War  Department  may  select,  on  the  first  day  of  March  annually 
(except  when  that  day  falls  on  Sunday,  in  which  case  the  ex- 
amination will  commence  on  the  following  Tuesday).  The  can- 
didates who  pass  successfully  will  be  admitted  to  the  Academy 
the  tollowing  June. 


12        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

No  candidate  shall  oe  examined  at  any  other  time,  unless 
prevented  from  presenting  himself  by  sickness,  or  some  other 
unavoidable  cause,  in  which  case  he  shall  be  examined  during 
the  last  week  in  August. 

Immediately  after  reporting  to  the  Superintendent  for  ad- 
mission, and  before  receiving  his  warrant  of  appointment,  the 
candidate  will  be  required  to  sign  an  engagement  for  service  in 
the  following  form,  in  the  presence  of  the  Superintendent  or 
some  officer  designated  by  him: 

I, ,  of  the  State  of  (or  Territory  of) 

,  aged years, months,  do  hereby  en- 


gage (with  the  consent  of  my  parent  or  guardian)  that,  from  the 
date  of  my  admission  as  a  Cadet  of  the  United  States  Military 
Academy,  I  will  serve  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States  for 
eight  years,  unless  sooner  discharged  J^y  competent  authority. 
In  the  presence  of 


The  candidate  is  then  required  to  take  and  subscribe  an 
oath  or  affirmation  in  the  following  form: 

I, ,  do  solemnly  swear  that  I  will 

support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  will  bear  true 
allegiance  to  the  National  Government;  that  I  will  maintain  and 
defend  the  sovereignty  of  the  United  States,  paramount  to  any 
and  all  allegiance,  sovereignty,  or  fealty  I  may  owe  to  any  State 
or  country  whatsoever;  and  that  I  will  at  all  times  obey  the 
legal  orders  of  my  superior  officers,  and  the  rules  and  articles 
governing  the  armies  of  the  United  States. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  at ,  this 

day  of ,  nineteen  hundred  and -,  before 

me. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  13 

QUALIFICATIONS. 

Candidates  are  eligible  for  admission  from  the  day  they  are 
seventeen,  until  the  day  they  become  twenty-two  years  of  age, 
on  which  latter  day  they  are  not  eligible. 

No  candidate  will  be  admitted  who  is  deformed,  or  aflOlicted 
with  any  form  of  disease  or  infirmity  which  would  render  him 
unfit  for  the  military  service,  or  who  has  at  the  time  of  pre- 
senting himself  any  disorder  of  an  infectious  or  immoral  char- 
acter. Accepted  candidates,  if  between  seventeen  and  eighteen 
years  of  age,  should  not  fall  below  five  feet  and  three  inches  in 
height  and  one  hundred  pounds  in  weight;  if  over  nineteen, 
five  feet  and  four  inches  in  height  and  one  hundred  and  ten 
pounds  in  weight.    Candidates  must  be  unmarried. 

"A  sound  body  and  constitution,  suitable  preparation,  good 
natural  capacity,  an  aptitude  for  study,  industrious  habits,  per- 
severance, an  obedient  and  orderly  disposition,  and  a  correct 
moral  deportment  are  such  essential  qualifications  that  candi- 
dates knowingly  deficient  in  any  of  these  respects  should  not 
subject  themselves  and  their  friends  to  the  chances  of  future 
mortification  and  disappointment,  by  accepting  appointments  at 
the  Academy  and  entering  upon  a  career  which  they  cannot  suc- 
cessfully pursue." 

CHARACTER  OF  ACADEMICAL   EXAMINATION. 

Every  applicant  who  has  passed  satisfactorily  the  physical 
examination  will  be  examined  in  a  thorough  manner  in  the 
following  subjects: 

1.  Reading.  In  reading  candidates  must  be  able  to  read 
understandingly,  with  proper  accent  and  emphasis. 

2.  WriUn^  and  Orthography.  In  writing  and  orthography 
they  must  be  able,  from  dictation,  to  write  sentences  from  stand- 


l4        A  Manual  for  Aspwants  for  Commissions 

ard  pieces  of  English  literature,  both  prose  and  poetry,  suffi- 
cient in  number  to  test  their  qualifications  both  in  handwrit- 
ing and  orthography.  They  must  also  be  able  to  write  and  spell 
correctly  from  dictation  a  certain  number  of  standard  test 
wordsw 

3.  Arithmetic, 

4.  Bnolish  Grammar, 

5.  Geography,  particularly  of  our  own  country. 

6.  History.  So  much  of  the  history  of  the  United  States  as 
is  contained  in  ordinary  school  histories. 

ACADEMIC  DUTIES. 

The  Cadets  are  arranged  in  four  distinct  classes,  corre- 
sponding with  the  four  years'  study.  The  Cadets  employed  on 
the  first  year's  course  constitute  the  Fourth  Class;  those  on  the 
second  year's  course  the  TMrd  Class;  those  on  the  third  year's 
course  the  Second  Class;  and  those  on  the  fourth  year's  course 
the  First  Class. 

The  academic  year  commences  on  the  1st  of  July.  On  or 
before  that  date  the  result  of  the  examination  held  in  the  pre- 
ceding month  is  announced  and  Cadets  are  advanced  from  one 
class  to  another.  At  no  other  time  shall  a  Cadet  be  advanced 
from  one  class  to  another,  unless  prevented  by  sickness  or 
authorized  absence  from  attending  at  the  aforesaid  examina- 
tion; but  in  no  case  shall  a  C^det  be  advanced  from  one  class 
to  another  without  having  passed  a  satisfactory  examination  by 
the  Academic  Board. 

The  academic  duties  and  exercises  commence  on  the  first 
of  September  and  continue  until  the  first  of  June.  Examina- 
tions of  the  several  classes  are  held  in  January  and  June,  and, 
at  the  former,  such  of  the  new  Cadets  as  are  found  proficient  in 
studies  and  have  been  correct  in  conduct  are  given  the  particu- 


in  the  United  States  Army,  15 

lar  standing  in  their  class  to  which  their  merits  entitle  them. 
After  the  examination,  Cadets  found  deficient  in  conduct  or 
studies  are  discharged  from  the  Academy,  unless  the  Academic 
Board  for  special  reasons  in  each  case  should  otherwise  recom- 
mend. Similar  examinations  are  held  every  January  and  June 
during  the  four  years  comprising  the  course  of  studies. 

The^e  examinations  are  very  thorough  and  require  from  the 
Cadets  a  close  and  persevering  attention  to  study  without  eva- 
sion or  slighting  of  any  part  of  the  course,  as  no  relaxation  of 
any  kind  can  be  made  hy  the  examiners. 

The  Academy  has  the  following  departments :  Tactics,  Civil 
and  Military  Engineering,  Natural  and  Experimental  Philoso- 
phy, Mathematics,  Chemistry,  Mineralogy  and  Geology,  Drawing, 
Modern  Languages,  Law  and  History,  Practical  Military  Engin- 
eering, Military  Signaling  and  Telegraphy,  Ordnance  and  Gun- 
nery. The  Academy  also  has  a  Chaplain,  Master  of  the  Sword, 
and  Teacher  of  Music. 

MILITARY   INSTRUCTION. 

For  instruction  in  Infantry  Tactics  and  in  military  police 
and  discipline,  the  Cadets  are  organized  into  a  battalion  of  four 
companies  under  the  Commandant  of  Cadets,  each  company 
being  commanded  by  an  officer  of  the  Army.  The  officers  and 
non-commissioned  officers  are  selected  from  the  Cadets  who 
have  been  most  studious,  soldier-like  in  the  performance  of 
their  duties,  and  most  exemplary  in  their  general  deportment. 
In  general,  the  captains  and  lieutenants  are  taken  from  the  first 
class,  the  sergeants  from  the  second  class,  and  the  corporals 
from  the  third  class. 

From  the  termination  of  the  examination  in  June  to  the 
end  of  August,  the  Cadets  live  in  camp,  engaged  only  in  military 
duties  and  exercises  and  receiving  practical  military  instruction. 


16         A.  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

PAY  OF  CADETS. 

The  pay  of  a  Cadet  is  $540  per  year,  to  commence  with  his 
admission  to  the  Academy.  No  Cadet  is  permitted  to  receive 
money  or  any  other  supplies  from  his  parents,  or  from  any 
person  whomsoever,  without  the  sanction  of  the  Superintendent. 

There  being  no  provision  whatever  for  the  payment  of  the 
traveling  expenses  of  either  accepted  or  rejected  candidates  for 
admission,  no  candidate  should  fail  to  provide  himself  in  ad- 
vance with  the  means  of  returning  to  his  home  in  case  of  rejec- 
tion before  either  of  the  Examining  Boards,  as  he  may  other- 
wise be  put  to  considerable  trouble,  inconvenience,  and  even 
suffering  on  account  of  his  destitute  condition.  After  defraying 
their  expenses  while  there,  all  balances  due  to  candidates  who 
fail  to  pass  the  entrance  examination  are  promptly  refunded. 
If  admitted,  the  money  brought  by  him  to  meet  such  a  contin- 
gency can  be  deposited  with  the  Treasurer  of  the  Academy  on 
account  of  his  equipment  as  a  Cadet,  or  returned  to  his  friends. 

ASSIGNMENT   TO  CORPS  AFTER  GRADUATION. 

The  following  provision  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
May  17, 1886,  regulates  the  promotion  of  graduates  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy: 

"That  when  any  cadet  of  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy has  gone  through  all  the  classes  and  received  a  regular  di- 
ploma from  the  academic  staff,  he  may  be  promoted  and  com- 
missioned as  a  second  lieutenant  in  any  arm  or  corps  of  the 
Army  in  which  there  may  be  a  vacancy  and  the  duties  of  which 
he  may  be  judged  competent  to  perform;  and  in  case  there  shall 
not  at  the  time  be  a  vacancy  in  such  arm  or  corps,  he  may,  at 
the  direction  of  the  President,  be  promoted  and  commissioned 
in  it  as  an  additional  second  lieutenant,  with  the  usual  pay  and 


i 


in  the  United  States  Army,  17 

allowances    of    a    second    lieutenant,    until    a    vacancy    shall 
happen." 

NOTES. 

The  use  of  tobacco  in  any  form  by  Cadets  is  prohibited. 

Cadets  are  required  to  wear  the  prescribed  uniform.  All 
articles  of  their  uniform  are  of  a  designated  pattern,  and  are 
sold  to  Cadets  at  West  Point  at  regulated  prices. 

Except  in  extreme  cases.  Cadets  are  allowed  but  one  leave  of 
absence  during  the  four  years'  course;  as  a  rule  the  leave  is 
■  granted  at  the  end  of  the  first  two  years'  course  of  study. 

A  candidate  who  failed  to  pass  the  entrance  examinations 
at  West  Point  can  be  re-appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  his  failure. 

The  Military  Academy  was  created  by  an  act  of  Congress, 
approved  March  16,  1802.  It  was  formally  opened  July  4,  1802, 
with  ten  Cadets  present. 

There  are  about  1,885  living  graduates  of  the  Academy,  of 
which  number  335  are  in  civil  life  and  the  remainder  in  the 
Army,  either  on  the  active  or  retired  lists. 

For  list  of  questions  asked  candidates  for  admission  to  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  at  a  recent  examination,  see 
Appendix  A. 


18        A  Manuu..  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

CHAPTER  III. 

PROMOTION  OF  ENLISTED  MEN. 

QUALIFICATIONS  REQUIRED  OF  APPLICANTS  FROM  THE 
ARMY.— THE  EXAMINATION.— CANDIDATES  FOR  PRO- 
MOTION. 

PROMOTION  OF  ENLISTED  MEN. 

Vacancies  in  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant  in  the  Regular 
Army  existing  each  year  after  the  appointment  and  assignment 
of  the  graduates  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy  are  filled: 
First,  from  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  found  duly  qualified; 
Second,  from  candidates  from  civil  life  who  have  passed  a  satis- 
factory examination.  The  candidates  in  each  class  will  be  ap- 
pointed in  order  of  merit  as  determined  by  the  examining  boards. 

QUALIFICATIONS  REQUIRED   OP  APPLICANTS    FROM   THE 

ARMY. 

Any  enlisted  man  (it  makes  no  difference  whether  he  be 
a  non-commissioned  officer  or  private)  of  the  Regular  Army, 
unmarried,  not  over  thirty  years  of  age  at  the  date  set  for  the 
meeting  of  the  examining  board,  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  physically  sound,  of  good  moral  character  both  before 
and  after  enlistment,  and  who  has  served  honorably  not  less 
than  two  years  in  the  Army  (any  honorable  service  counts, 
whether  Regular  or  Volunteer,  as  a  commissioned  officer  or  en- 
listed man,  or  a  Cadet  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
whether  continuous  service  or  not)  on  or  prior  to  the  date  set 
for  the  meeting  of  the  examining  board,  may  compete  in  the 
examination. 

The  two  years'  honorable  service  in  the  Army  prior  to  the 
date  of  the  applicant's  examination  must  be  exclusive  of  tech- 


in  the  United  States  Army.  19 

nical  service  due  to  furlough  or  other  absence  from  duty  in  his 
own  interest. 

Furloughs  not  exceeding  fifteen  days  in  all,  or  for  even  a 
greater  period  in  a  case  which  may  be  determined  by  competent 
authority  to  be  extraordinary,  during  the  first  two  years  of  en- 
listment, will  not  be  considered  to  be  within  the  meaning  of  the 
preceding  paragraph. 

A  soldier  desiring  to  appear  for  examination  before  an  ex- 
amining board  must  make  timely  application  therefor  to  his 
regimental  commander  through  his  company  commander. 

THE  EXAMINATION. 

With  a  view  to  the  selection  of  proper  enlisted  men  of  the 
Army  for  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant,  each  commander  of 
a  geographical  department,  on  or  about  June  1  of  each  year, 
will  convene  a  board  of  five  commissioned  officers  (including 
two  medical  officers,  whose  duties  will  be  confined  to  inquire 
into  and  report  upon  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  appli- 
cants) before  which  any  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army 
serving  within  the  department  and  possessing  the  necessary 
legal  qualifications,  and  who  may  desire  to  take  the  examina- 
tion, will  be  ordered  to  appear,  and  will  be  furnished  with  free 
transportation  to  the  point  of  holding  such  examination  and 
return  to  their  proper  stations. 

No  definite  date  for  the  convening  of  these  boards  has  been 
designated.  They  will,  in  all  probability,  be  ordered  in  the 
future  to  hold  the  examinations  about  June  1  of  each  year.  Pre- 
vious to  our  war  with  Spain,  boards  for  the  final  competitive 
examination  of  enlisted  men  held  the  examinations  beginning 
September  1  of  each  year,  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 

The  members  and   recorder  of   boards  appointed   for   the 


20         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

examination  of  enlisted  men,  to  determine  their  fitness  for  pro- 
motion, shall  be  sworn  in  every  case  to  discharge  their  duties 
honestly  and  faithfully,  and  the  boards  may  examine  witnesses 
and  take  depositions,  for  which  purposes  they  shall  have  such 
powers  of  a  court  of  inquiry  as  may  be  necessary. 

Every  applicant  will  be  subjected  to  a  rigid  physical  exam- 
ination, and  if  there  be  found  to  exist  any  cause  of  disqualifi- 
cation to  such  a  degree  as  might  in  the  future  impair  his  effi- 
ciency as  an  officer  in  the  Army,  he  will  be  rejected.  Exami- 
nation as  to  physical  qualifications  will  conform  to  the  standard 
required  of  recruits. 

The  board  being  satisfied  with  these  preliminary  points 
will  proceed  to  examine  each  candidate  separately  in  the  fol- 
lowing subjects: 

1.  English  Grammar,  including  orthography,  reading,  and 
writing  from  oral  dictation. 

2.  Mathematics,  including  arithmetic,  algebra,  to  include 
the  solution  of  equations  of  the  first  degree  containing  one  un- 
known quantity,  the  use  of  logarithms,  the  elements  of  plane 
geometry,  plane  trigonometry  and  surveying. 

3.  Geography,  particularly  in  reference  to  the  United  States 
of  North  America. 

4.  The  outlines  of  general  history,  and  particularly  the  his- 
tory of  the  United  States. 

5.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Government  under  it;  and  the  elements  of  inter- 
national law. 

6.  Army  regulations  and  the  drill  regulations  of  the  arm 
from  which  the  candidate  is  selected.  The  examination  in  drill 
regulations  will  be  practical,  extending  through  the  school  of 
the  soldier,  squad  and  platoon,  and  shall  take  place  on  the 
parade-ground  in  the  presence  of  the  board. 


in  the  United  States  Army,  21 

7.  The  military  records  of  the  candidates  as  certified  to  by 
their  company,  post  and  regimental  commanders. 

8.  Physical  aptitude  as  determined  by  the  medical  exami- 
nation, proficiency  in  athletics,  skill  in  field  sports,  etc. 

9.  Moral  character  and  civil  record  as  verified  after  a 
thorough  investigation  by  the  board. 

After  the  examination  has  been  completed  and  the  board 
has  examined  and  passed  upon  all  the  applicants,  it  will  prepare 
a  tabulated  statement  showing  the  order  of  their  relative  merit 
as  developed  by  the  examination,  and  the  same  will  be  for- 
warded, together  with  all  papers  pertaining  to  the  examination, 
to  the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army. 

For  the  purpose  of  appointment  and  of  relative  rank  after 
appointment,  the  names  of  all  the  successful  candidates  will  be 
arranged  by  the  War  Department  on  an  eligible  list  according 
to  their  general  average  as  reported  by  the  departmental  boards. 

CANDIDATES  FOR  PROMOTION. 

Each  enlisted  man  recommended  and  passed  by  the  board 
will  receive  from  the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army  a  certifi- 
cate of  eligibility  for  appointment  to  the  grade  of  second  llew^- 
tenant  and  will  be  known  as  a  "candidate"  for  promotion.  Hr 
will  have  the  title  "candidate"  prefixed  to  his  name  in  all  rolk, 
returns,  orders  and  correspondence  in  which  it  appears,  and 
will  be  entitled  to  wear  the  "candidate's"  stripes  on  the  sleeves 
of  uniform  coat,  blouse  and  overcoat,  so  long  as  he  holds  this 
specially  honorable  position. 

These  stripes  will  be  worn  on  the  upper  half  of  each  cuff,  and 
will  consist  of  a  double  stripe  running  the  length  of  the  cuff, 
pointed  at  the  upper  end,  and  with  a  small  button  below  the 
point  of  the  stripe;  for  uniform  coat,  of  gold  braid;  for  blouse 
and  overcoat,  of  cloth  of  same  color  of  facings  of  uniform;  width 


22         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

of  braid  or  cloth,  ^  inch;  width  of  space  between  braid,  % 
inch. 

A  "candidate"  who  becomes  ineligible  by  reason  of  age  will 
be  entitled  to  wear  the  "candidate's"  stripe  on  the  left  sleeve 
so  long  as  he  maintains  his  good  standing  in  the  service. 

The  eligibility  of  a  "candidate"  for  appointment  as  second 
lieutenant  and  his  privileges  as  "candidate"  terminate  one  year 
after  date  of  his  examination,  unless  he  shall  again  be  recom- 
mended on  competitive  examination.  In  order  to  secure  a  re- 
examination he  will  forward  an  application  therefor  through  his 
regular  military  commanders  (whose  remarks  will  be  endorsed 
thereon),  to  the  Adjutant-General,  at  least  three  months  in  ad- 
vance of  the  time  of  holding  the  competitive  examination.  After 
re-examination,  he  will  take  his  place  in  the  relative  merit  list 
with  those  examined  at  the  time  of  his  re-examination. 

A  soldier  having  failed  to  pass  the  competitive  board  may 
secure  a  second  examination  by  making  proper  application 
therefor.  Having  twice  failed  to  pass  the  board,  he  will  not  be 
ordered  up  for  further  examination. 

No  soldier  will  be  re-examined  who  will  pass  the  age  limit 
prior  to  date  set  for  such  re-examination. 

No  soldier  will  be  given  a  special  examination.  There  will 
be  but  one  competitive  examination  each  year.  Candidates 
with  less  than  two  years'  service  have  been  ordered  to  appear 
before  examining  boards,  but  were  required  to  complete  this 
service  before  receiving  appointments. 

Candidates  who  may  be  guilty  of  misconduct  will  be 
promptly  reported  to  the  Adjutant-General  through  regimental 
and  department  commanders.  The  report  must  contain  a  full 
statement  of  the  alleged  misconduct,  with  names  of  witnesses. 
The  department  comander  will  see  that  the  candidate  has  a  fair 


in  the  United  States  Army,  23 

and  impartial  hearing,  and  will  forward  the  report  for  the  decis- 
ion of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Candidates  will  not  be  deprived  of  the  privileges  of  their 
position,  unless  by  a  sentence  of  a  general  court-martial  or  the 
order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  except  by  operation  of  law. 
While  holding  the  privileges  of  that  position  they  will  not  be 
brought  before  a,  summary  court,  or  a  garrison  or  regimental 
court-martial. 

For  the  laws  pertaining  to  the  promotion  of  enlisted  men, 
and  list  of  questions  asked  at  a  recent  examination,  see  Ap- 
pendix B. 

The  Army  reorganization  bill,  approved  February  2,  1901, 
makes  the  following  provision  for  filling  vacancies  created  by 
that  Act: 

SEC.  28.  That  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  field  officers  and  captain, 
created  by  the  Act,  in  the  cavalry,  artillery,  and  infantry,  shall  be  filled  by 
promotion  according  to  seniority  in  each  branch,  respectively.  Vacancies  ex- 
isting after  the  promotions  have  been  made  shall  be  provided  for  as  follows: 
A  sufficient  number  shall  be  reserved  in  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant  for 
the  next  graduating  class  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy. 

Persons  not  over  forty  years  of  age  who  shall  have  at  any  time  served 
as  volunteers  subsequent  to  April  twenty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight,  may  be  ordered  before  boards  of  officers  for  such  examination 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  those  who  establish  their 
fitness  before  these  examining  boards  may  be  appointed  to  the  grades  of 
first  or  second  lieutenant  in  the  Regular  Army,  taking  rank  in  the  respective 
grades  according  to  seniority  as  determined  by  length  of  prior  commissioned 
service;  but  no  person  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be 
placed  above  another  in  the  same  grade  with  longer  commissioned  service, 
and  nothing  herein  contained  shall  change  the  relative  rank  of  officers  here- 
tofore  commissioned  in    the  Regular   Army. 

Enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  or  volunteers  may  be  appointed  «ec- 
ond  lieutenants  in  the  Regular  Army  to  vacancies  created  by  this  Act: 
Provided,  That  they  shall  have  served  one  year,  under  the  same  conditions 
now  authorized  by  law  for  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army. 


24        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

CHAPTER  IV. 

ENLISTING  FOR  A  COMMISSION. 

THE  ADVANTAGES  AND  DISADVANTAGES  OF  THE  DIF- 
FERENT ARMS.— CAVALRY.— ARTILLERY.— INFANTRY. 
—BATTALION  OP  ENGINEERS,  ETC.— HOSPITAL  CORPS. 
—A  BIT   OF  ADVICE   TO  ASPIRANTS.— MISCELLANEOUS. 

An  important  matter  to  decide  after  having  once  made  up 
your  mind  to  enlist  with  the  view  of  trying  for  a  commission 
from  the  ranks,  is  that  of  choosing  the  regiment  or  arm  of 
service  to  enter. 

The  arm  of  the  service  you  represent  when  you  appear 
before  the  board  for  examination  will  not  add  to  or  take  from 
your  chances  of  passing.  The  fact  that  you  are  an  artilleryman, 
cavalryman,  or  infantryman  will  not  affect  your  standing  when 
the  papers  are  graded. 

Different  men  are  suited  to  different  arms  of  the  service.  A 
man  might  prove  a  failure  as  a  cavalryman,  yet  have  the  making 
of  a  good  foot  soldier,  and  vice  versa.  Persons  contemplating 
enlisting  would  do  well  to  first  carefully  consider  the  duties  of 
the  different  branches  and  decide  which  is  best  suited  to  them. 

THE  ADVANTAGES  AND  DISADVANTAGES  OF  THE 
DIFFERENT  ARMS. 

CAVALRY. 

Many  officers  now  in  the  service  came  from  the  ranks  of  the 
Cavalry  arm.  The  service  is  always  attractive,  and  persons 
physically  suited  to  it  usually  become  enthusiasts  after  once 
they  become  accustomed  to  the  duties  of  a  cavalryman.  The 
United  States  Cavalry  is  recognized  as  the  best  in  the  world. 
Up  to  within  the  past  few  years  most  of  the  Cavalry  regiments 


in  ths  United  States  Army,  25 

were  stationed  on  the  frontier,  frequently  in  the  field.    Many 
of  the  regiments  are  now  serving  in  our  new  possessions. 

ARTILLERY. 

Light  batteries  are  necessarily  hard  worked.  The  men's 
time  is  usually  taken  up  by  drills,  "stables,"  and  other  duties, 
and  as  a  general  thing  could  not  be  recommended  to  aspirants 
for  commissions,  owing  to  this  fact.  If,  however,  a  young  man 
comes  into  the  service  well  equipped  mentally,  and  requires  no 
further  preparation  for  the  examinations  than  keeping  ''brushed 
up"  on  the  necessary  branches  of  study,  he  will  find  many 
charms  in  this  arm.  It  is  certainly  the  most  picturesque  branch 
of  our  Army,  and  the  dash  and  activity  of  its  duties  are  always 
inspiring. 

Heavy  batteries  offer  many  opportunities  to  the  young  aspi- 
rant. They  are  our  coast  defense  forces  and  are  usually  sta- 
tioned near  the  larger  sea-board  cities.  The  study  of  mathe- 
matics (an  important  study  for  candidates  for  shoulder-straps) 
enters  largely  into  the  duties  of  heavy  batterymen. 

INFANTRY. 
The  greater  number  of  the  officers  of  the  Army  who  came 
from  the  ranks  served  as  enlisted  men  in  the  Infantry  arm.  It 
is  the  largest  branch  of  the  Army — in  fact,  larger  than  all  of  the 
other  arms  combined.  There  is  nothing  in  its  evolutions  and 
maneuvers  on  the  parade-ground  that  is  awe-inspiring  or  that 
tends  to  evoke  applause,  but  at  the  same  time  it  is  the  back- 
bone of  the  service,  and  like  the  other  branches  of  our  military 
establishment,  has  always  shown  itself  efficient  in  peace  and 
war.  Practically  all  of  the  Infantry  is  now  serving  in  foreign 
parts.  This  arm  of  the  service  offers,  undoubtedly,  the  best 
advantages  for  enlisted  men  to  secure  commissions. 


26         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  fcyr  Commissions 

BATTALION   OF  ENGINEERS,   ETC. 

The  Battalion  of  Engineers,  the  Ordnance  Department  and 
the  Signal  Corps  have  each  contributed  their  share  of  success- 
ful candidates  for  commissions.  Officers  from  the  ranks  are 
seldom,  if  ever,  commissioned  to  the  Engineers  or  Ordnance 
Corps,  and  should  an  enlisted  man  from  either  of  these  branches 
be  commissioned,  his  training  in  military  duties  while  an  en- 
listed man  will  not  have  been  in  the  line  of  his  duties  as  an 
officer.  If  a  man  is  to  be  an  Infantry,  Cavalry,  or  Artillery 
officer,  it  is  better  for  him  to  be  trained  in  one  of  these  schools. 
It  cannot  be  contradicted  that  a  man's  training  as  a  soldier 
comes  well  in  hand  once  that  he  becomes  an  officer.  To  enter 
the  Signal  Corps  requires  a  knowledge  of  telegraphy  or  line- 
man's duties.  Of  the  three  officers  from  the  ranks  now  in  this 
corps,  all  served  as  enlisted  men  in  that  branch. 

HOSPITAL   CORPS. 

The  pay  of  privates  is  better  than  the  pay  in  the  line.  The 
requirements  to  enter  are  the  same.  The  hours  of  duty  are 
longer,  but  seldom  as  arduous.  It  offers  ample  opportunity  for 
study.  It  is  a  non-combatant  force  and  of  course  affords  a  non- 
combatant  training.  This  is  probably  its  greatest  disadvantage. 
Quite  a  few  of  the  officers  now  on  the  active  list  were  once 
privates,  acting  stewards,  or  stewards  in  the  Hospital  Corps. 

A  BIT   OP  ADVICE   TO   ASPIRANTS. 

When  you  join  your  company,  have  very  little  to  say.  If 
you  were  drawing  a  salary  of  $300  per  month  before  enlisting, 
let  that  be  a  secret  between  yourself  and  your  former  employer. 

Obey  the  lawful  orders  of  your  officers  and  non-commis- 
sioned officers  cheerfully  and  intelligently.    Never  comment  on 


in  the  United  States  Army.  27 

them.  If  you  do  not  at  first  thoroughly  understand  what  you 
are  ordered  to  do,  ask  that  the  order  be  repeated. 

Do  not  complain  about  the  rations.  Let  the  old  soldiers 
do  that;  they  know  just  when  and  how  to  growl,  and  besides, 
growling  is  a  privilege  conceded  them. 

Do  not  say  anything  about  the  fact  that  you  enlisted  with 
the  hope  of  securing  a  commission.  Once  this  is  known,  you  will 
be  viewed  with  a  critical  eye,  and  mountains  may  be  made  of 
mole-hills.  After  having  been  in  the  company  for  six  or  eight 
months,  and  having  established  a  reputation  for  integrity,  faith- 
fulness and  soldierly  qualities,  make  known  to  your  company 
commander  your  ambition.  The  chances  are  that  he  will  make 
you  a  non-commisioned  officer.  Good  material  for  non-commis- 
sioned officers  is  always  scarce.  By  all  means  never  ask  to 
be  given  the  "stripes."  If  your  commanding  officer  sees  fit  to 
"make"  you,  he  will  do  so.  He  will  certainly  not  think  well  of 
you  should  you  ask  him  to. 

If  you  have  served  in  a  volunteer  or  militia  regiment,  or 
have  had  any  other  military  training,  do  not  say  that  "we  did  so 
and  so"  in  the  Ninety-sixth  Foot,  or  whatever  your  former  or- 
ganization may  have  been. 

It  is  better  to  do  what  soldiers  call  "straight"  duty^ — t.  e., 
carry  a  rifle  and  walk  post.  If  you  are  a  good  clerk,  the  prob- 
abilities are  that  you  will  be  given  clerical  work  to  do;  but  do 
not  ask  for  it. 

Do  not  be  afraid  to  serve  more  than  two  years  for  your  com- 
mission. Three  or  even  four  years  won't  hurt  you.  The  dis- 
cipline will  do  you  good.  An  officer  who  has  not  learned  to 
obey  is  not  a  fit  person  to  exercise  command. 

Be  studious.  Do  not  think  that  you  can  over  prepare  your- 
self for  the  examination.  Remember  that  the  better  you  are 
prepared  mentally  the  higher  will  be  your  average  grading: 


28         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

the  higher  your  average  grading,  the  sooner  you  will  get  your 
commission. 

Keep  your  clothes  and  equipment  clean,  your  shoes  shined 
and  your  hair  cut.  Shave  often  and  always  present  a  neat  and 
soldierly  appearance.  Never  under  any  circumstances  try  to 
become  familiar  with  your  officers.  Never,  when  addressing 
them,  fail  to  use  "sir.'* 

Prove  yourself  ''every  inch  a  soldier." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

There  are  very  few  officers  in  the  service  who  will  not 
offer  every  assistance  to  men  under  them  who  are  striving  to 
secure  a  higher  position.  Most  of  them  possess  books  on  the 
subjects  in  which  the  candidate  for  a  commission  is  required  to 
pass,  and  will  gladly  loan  them  to  the  aspirant,  or  will  inform 
him  where  they  may  be  obtained. 

Through  the  ranks  is  the  surest  road  to  a  commission.  It 
is  difficult  to  secure  an  appointment  to  the  Military  Academy, 
and,  should  a  young  man  secure  the  appointment,  he  will  find 
that  his  commission  is  not  assured,  for  the  percentage  of  failures 
at  West  Point  is  very  great.  The  difficulty  in  securing  a  com- 
mission from  civil  life  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  graduating  class 
from  the  Military  Academy  must  first  be  provided  for.  After 
this,  should  any  vacancies  remain  unfilled,  the  successful  com- 
petitors from  the  ranks  of  the  Army  are  appointed  to  fill  them. 
Last  of  all  comes  the  candidate  from  civil  life.  The  graduating 
class  from  West  Point  is  seldom  sufficiently  large  to  fill  all  va- 
cancies, but  the  successful  applicants  from  the  Army  are  usually 
enough  to  take  up  all  that  remains.  The  last  few  years  has 
offered  opportunities  for  all  candidates,  whether  graduates  of 
the  Academy,  candidates  from  the  Army,  or  applicants  from 
civil  life,  but  this  will  not  last  long.    In  the  future  a  man  to  be 


in  fJie  United  States  Army,  29 

successful  in  securing  appointment  as  second  lieutenant  must 
either  enter  the  Military  Academy  or  enlist  and  try  his  luck 
with  other  competitors  from  the  ranks.  A  few  may  secure  com- 
missions from  civil  life,  but  the  number  will  be  small. 


30        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE  ENLISTED  MEN  OP  THE  REGULAR  ARMY.— REQUIRE- 
MENTS TO  ENTER  THE  SERVICE.— DECLARATION  OP 
RECRUIT.— CONSENT  IN  CASE  OP  MINOR.— OATH  OP 
ENLISTMENT.— GENERAL  RECRUITING  STATIONS. 

THE  ENLISTED  METT  OP  THE  REGULAR  ARMY. 

This  little  work,  in  addition  to  its  being  a  guide  to  young 
men  in  civil  life  who  are  ambitious  to  become  officers  in  our 
Army,  is  also  intended  as  a  manual  for  the  enlisted  men  of  the 
Regular  service.  To  submit  it  with  all  its  other  imperfections, 
without  a  word  on  the  enlisted  man  himself,  would  cripple  it 
indeed.  If  the  young  aspirant  for  shoulder-straps  contem- 
plates securing  them  by  graduating  from  the  Military  Academy, 
or  taking  his  examination  from  civil  life,  he  wants  to  know  the 
character  of  the  men  he  is  to  command.  If  he  intends  to  en- 
list and  win  his  spurs  by  first  serving  in  the  ranks,  he  wants 
to  know  what  kind  of  men  his  fellow-soldiers  are  to  be. 

Before  sounding  the  praises  of  the  enlisted  men  of  our 
permanent  establishment,  it  is  well  to  state  that,  like  all  other 
professions  and  vocations,  the  Army  is  made  up  of  men  from 
all  walks  and  conditions  of  life,  and  the  description  of  any  one 
man,  intended  to  portray  the  general  character  of  the  whole 
body,  would  condemn  or  eulogize  individuals  undeservedly. 

As  a  class  they  have  proven  themselves  to  be  steady,  hon- 
est, conscientious,  and  patriotic  men,  whose  devotion  to  duty 
during  the  trying  and  exacting  campaigns  in  the  tropics  in  our 
war  with  Spain  and  the  insurgents  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
and  the  advance  to  Peking  in  China,  has  elicited  the  admiration 
of  the  nations  of  the  world.    Their  unflinching  bravery,  willing- 


m  the  United  States  Army.  31 

ness  to  obey  the  orders  of  their  superiors  in  rank,  and  their 
power  for  execution,  have  won  them  the  confidence,  affection, 
and  praise  of  their  officers. 

The  casual  observer,  the  "know-all,"  and  the  bigot  have 
accused  them  of  being  drunkards.  To  these  people  one  man  in 
the  uniform  of  the  United  States  Army  seen  intoxicated  on  the 
street  brings  visions  of  whole  brigades  and  divisions  reeling  in 
inebriety.  To  them  it  never  occurs  that  because  a  single 
brakeman  is  found  tipsy  on  a  public  thoroughfare,  it  does  not 
necessarily  imply  that  the  whole  railroad  system  is  staggering 
under  a  load  of  alcoholism.  But  this  condemning  a  class  for 
the  indiscretions  of  individuals  of  that  class  seems  to  be 
confined  to  the  enlisted  men  of  the  military  service  of  our 
country. 

No  higher  praise  cm  be  given  them  than  by  pointing  to 
their  record  from  Lexington  to  Peking.  It  is  a  catalogue  of 
fortitude,  bravery,  devotion  to  duty,  and  victories. 

At  no  time  has  the  enlisted  personnel  of  our  service  been 
of  a  higher  order  than  during  the  past  five  years.  Many  young 
men  of  family,  intelligence,  and  education  are  carrying  rifles 
as  private  soldiers  and  upholding  the  honor  of  "Old  Glory." 

A  men  enlisting  with  the  view  of  obtaining  a  commission 
need  not  isolate  himself.  He  will  find  many  excellent  asso- 
ciates, who  will  welcome  him  to  their  pleasures  and  pastimes, 
should  he  n^erit  it.  Soldiers  are  anything  but  fools,  and  are 
not  long  in  placing  a  new  man  on  his  proper  level,  according 
to  his  intrinsic  worth. 

REQUIREMENTS  TO  ENTER  THE  SERVICE. 

In  all  the  larger  cities  of  the  United  States  general  recruit- 
ing offices  are  maintained.    At  any  of  them  enlistments  may 


32         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

be  made  for  any  arm  of  the  service  needing  recruits  at  the 
time.  Here  any  questions  regarding  pay,  allowances,  or  duties 
of  a  soldier  will  be  cheerfully  answered. 

An  applicant  for  enlistment  is  frequently  held  for  a  few 
days  on  probation,  at  Government  expense,  pending  investiga- 
tion into  his  character,  citizenship,  or  age. 

Applicants  who  are  under  weight,  short  in  chest  measure- 
ments, or  under  size  otherwise,  but  who  are  young  and  give 
promise  of  broadening  and  growing,  can  frequently  secure  en- 
listment by  making  application  to  the  Adjutant-General,  U.  S. 
A.,  Washington,  D.  C,  for  permission  to  do  so.  It  is  always 
best  to  make  this  application  through  a  recruiting  officer,  giv- 
ing him  at  the  time  your  letters  of  recommendation,  evidences 
of  age  and  citizenship,  and,  in  the  case  of  a  minor,  written  con- 
sent of  father,  only  surviving  parent,  or  guardian. 

The  following  instructions,  emanating  from  the  Adjutant- 
General's  oflace,  govern  recruiting  tor  the  Regular  Army: 

"Applicants  for  enlistment  must  be  between  the  ages  of  18 
and  35  years,  of  good  character  and  habits,  able-bodied,  free 
from  disease,  and  must  be  able  to  speak,  read,  and  write  the 
English  language. 

"Married  men  will  be  enlisted  only  upon  the  approval  of  a 
regimental  commander. 

"Minors  will  not  be  enlisted  without  the  written  consent  of 
father,  only  surviving  parent,  or  legally  appointed  guardian. 

"Original  enlistments  are  confined  to  persons  who  are  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  or  who  have  made  legal  declaration 
of  their  intention  to  become  citizens  thereof. 

"Applicants  will  be  required  to  satisfy  the  recruiting  offi- 
cer regarding  age  and  character,  and  should  be  prepared  to 
furnish  the  necessary  evidence. 


i7i  the  United  ■^/fr^^-iffnrrif  ^'-"^^'^^^  33 


"For  Infantry  and  Artillery  the  height  must  be  no  less  than 
five  feet  and  four  inches,  and  weight  not  less  than  120  pounds 
and  not  more  than  190  pounds. 

"For  Cavalry  the  height  must  be  no  less  than  five  feet  four 
inches  and  not  more  than  five  feet  ten  inches,  and  weight  not 
to  exceed  165  pounds.  No  minimum  weight  is  prescribed  for 
Cavalry,  but  the  chest  measurements  must  be  satisfactory. 

"The  term  of  enlistment  is  three  years. 

"It  is  not  necessary  that  an  applicant  should  conform  ex- 
actly to  the  figures  indicated  in  the  following  table  of  propor- 
tions, the  variation  of  a  few  pounds  in  weight  either  way,  and 
of  a  fraction  of  an  inch  in  chest  measures,  being  permissible. 

"Table  of  Physical  Proportions  for  height,  weight,  and  chest 
measurements: 

CHEST  MEASUREMENT. 


HEIGHT. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

WEIGHT. 

Pounds. 

At  Expiration. 
Inches. 

0  \J  J^r!<l¥X±!<X>  X  . 

Mobility. 
Inches. 

5    4-12 

64 

128 

32 

2 

5    5-12 

65 

130 

32 

2 

5     6-12 

66 

132 

32y2 

2 

5    7-12 

67 

134 

33 

2 

5    8-12 

68 

141 

3314 

2% 

5     9-12 

'69 

148 

33y2 

2% 

5  10-12 

70 

155 

34 

2^ 

5  11-12 

71 

162 

34^ 

2^ 

6 

72 

169 

34% 

3 

e    1-12 

73 

176 

35^ 

3 

"Applicants  must  defray  their  own  expenses  to  the  place  of 
enlistment.  Their  fitness  for  the  military  service  can  be  de- 
termined only  upon  examination  at  a  military  post,  or  other 
recruiting  station." 


34        A.  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

At  the  recruiting  office  applicants  will  be  required  to  an- 
swer the  following  questions  before  stripping  for  the  physical 
examination: 

Name;  age;  birthday;  birthplace;  occupation;  residence; 
are  you  a  citizen  of  the  United  States?  have  you  made  applica- 
tion for  citizenship  (if  you  are  not  now  a  citizen)?  if  so,  in 
what  court?  state  previous  service  (U.  S.  or  foreign);  date  of 
last  discharge,  with  organization;  have  you  applied  before  for 
enlistment?  if  so,  where?  if  rejected,  for  what  cause? 

Then  follows  a  list  of  questions  regarding  the  applicant's 
physical  condition,  both  past  and  present. 

The  applicant  will  be  required  to  remove  all  of  his  clothing 
for  the  physical  examination  by  the  medical  examiner. 

DECLARATION  OF  RECRUIT.    ' 

Before  taking  the  Oath  of  Enlistment,  the  applicant  will  be 
required  to  subscribe  to  the  following  form: 

I,  ,   desiring  to   enlist  in  the  Army  of  the  United 

States  for  the  term  of  three  years,  do  declare  that  I  have  neither 
wife  nor  child;  that  I  am  of  legal  age  to  enlist,  and  believe 
myself  physically  qualified  to  perform  the  duties  of  an  able- 
bodied  soldier;  and  I  do  further  declare  that  I  am  of  good  hab- 
its and  character  in  all  respects,  and  have  never  been  discharged 
from  the  United  States  service  (Army  or  Navy)  or  any  other 
service  on  account  of  disability,  or  through  sentence  of  either 
civil  or  military  court,  nor  discharged  from  any  service,  civil 
or  military,  except  with  good  character,  and  for  the  reasons 
given  by  me  to  the  recruiting  ofiicer  prior  to  this  enlistment.* 

*Here  add  in  case  of  an  applicant  for  first  enlistment:  And  that 
I  am  (or  have  made  legal  declaration  of  my  intention  to  become)  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States. 


in  the  United  States  Army,  35* 

The  name  and  address  of  wife,  nearest  relative,  guardian, 

or  friend  is . 

Given  at ,  this day  of ,  190 

Witness: 


CONSENT  IN  CASE  OP  MINOR. 

In  the  case  of  the  applicant  being  a  minor,  the  following 
form  must  be  filled  out  and  given  to  the  recruiting  officer: 

I, ,  do  certify  that  I  am  the of ;  that  the 

said is years  of  age;  and  I  do  hereby  freely  give 

my  consent  to  his  enlisting  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States 
for  the  period  of  three  years. 

Given  at ,  this day  of ,  190    . 

Witness: 


OATH  OF  ENLISTMENT. 

State  of ,  City  or  town  of ,  ss. 

I, ,  born  in ,  in  the  State  of ,  aged 

years  and months,  and  by  occupation  a ,  do  here- 
by  acknowledge    to   have   voluntarily   — enlisted    this   

day  of  ,  190    ,  as  a  soldier  in  the  Army  of  the  United 

States  of  America,  for  the  period  of  three  years  unless  sooner 
discharged  by  proper  authority:  And  do  also  agree  to  accept 
from  the  United  States  such  bounty,  pay,  rations,  and  clothing 
as  are  or  may  be  established  by  law.  And  I  do  solemnly  swear 
(or  affirm)  that  I  will  bear  true  faith  and  allegiance  to  the 
United  States  of  America,  and  that  I  will  serve  them  honestly 


36         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

and  faithfully  against  all  their  enemies  whomsoever;  and  that 
I  will  obey  the  orders  of  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  the  orders  of  the  officers  appointed  over  me,  according  to 

the  Rules  and  Articles  of  War.        [Seal] 

Subscribed  and  duly  sworn  to  before  me  this day  of 

,  A.  D.  190—. 

,  Recruiting  Officer. 

Application  may  be  made  at  the  recruiting  office  for  assign- 
ment to  any  desired  organization. 

GENERAL   RECRUITING   STATIONS. 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  513  Broadway. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  104  W.  Fayette  St. 

Birmingham,  Ala.,  7  N.  Twentieth  St. 

Boston,  Mass.,  73  Hanover  St. 

Boston,  Mass.,  1125  Washington  St. 

Boston,  Mass.,  239  Friend  St. 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,  371  Main  St. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  363  Fulton  St. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Pearl  and  Church  Sts. 

Charlotte,  N.  C,  First  National  Bank  Building. 

Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  No.  1  Tenth  St. 

Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  3  Atlas  Block. 

Chicago,  111.,  82  W.  Madison  St. 

Chicago,  111.,  420  S.  State  St. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  309  W.  Fourth  St. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  57  Public  Square. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  51^^  E.  State  St. 

Dallas,  Texas,  316  Commerce  St. 

Dayton,  Ohio,  Fourth  and  Jefferson  Sts. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  S7 

Denver,  Colo.,  Ill  Cheesman  Block. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  221  W.  Fourth  St. 

Detroit,  Mich.,  116  Woodward  Ave. 

Evansville,  Ind.,  Third  and  Main  Sts. 

Fall  River,  Mass.,  Room  14%  Borden  Block. 

Ft.  Worth.  Texas,  507  Main  St. 

Geneva,  N.  Y.,  22  Schnirel  Building. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  51  Pearl  St. 

Greensboro,  N.  C,  200  Southern  Loan  and  Trust  Building 

Harrisburg,  Pa,,  227  Walnut  St. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  66  State  St. 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  25  N.  Illinois  St. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  116  W.  Sixth  St. 

Knoxville,  Tenn.,  407  W.  Depot  St. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  116  E.  Main  St. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Whipple  Building. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  514  W.  Jefferson  St.  ^ 

Macon,  Ga.,  402  Cherry  St. 

Memphis,  Tenn.,  38  Madison  St. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  445  E.  Water  St. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  324  First  Ave. 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  Moses  Building. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  145  N.  Cherry  St. 

Newark,  N.  J.,  275  Market  St. 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  37  Purchase  St. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  890  Chapel  St. 

New  York  City,  25  Third  Ave. 

New  York  City,  132  Park  Ave. 

New  York  City,  57  E.  125th  St. 

Peoria,  111.,  103  S.  Jefferson  Ave. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1316  Filbert  St. 


38         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  2434  Kensington  Ave. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  951  Penn  Ave. 

Portland,  Me.,  20^V2  Middle  St. 

Portland,  Ore.,  Third  and  Stark  Sts. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  24  N.  Main  St. 

Pueblo,  Colo.,  10  Wilson  Block. 

Rochester,  N.  Y..  26  E.  Main  St. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  121  New  Montgomery  St. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  303  Bull  St. 

Seattle,  Wash.,  523  Pioneer  Building. 

Springfield,  111.,  100  East  Side  Square. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  Cooley  Place. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Corner  Third  and  Olive  Sts. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Phoenix  Building. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Room  109  Bastable  Building. 

Toledo,  Ohio,  201  Monroe  St. 

Topeka,  Kan.,  401  Kansas  Ave. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  Corner  Broad  and  Front  Sts. 

Utica,  N.  Y.,  29  Clarendon  Building. 

Worcester,  Mass.,  405  Main  St. 


in  the  United  States  Army,  69 


CHAPTER  VI. 

PROMOTIONS  FROM    CIVIL   LIFE. 

APPLICATIONS— TO  WHOM  MADE.— EXAMINING  BOARDS- 
HOW  CONSTITUTED.— QUALIFICATIONS.— RULES  GOV- 
ERNING THE  EXAMINATION.— ASSIGNMENT  TO  REGI- 
MENT.—EXPENSES  INCIDENT  TO  THE  EXAMINATION. 
—NOTES. 

Vacancies  in  the  Army  in  the  grad«  of  second  lieutenant 
existing  each  year  after  the  appointment  of  graduates  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy,  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army 
who  have  satisfactorily  passed  the  competitive  examination,  are 
filled  from  civil  life. 

APPLICATIONS— TO  WHOM  MADE. 
Civilians  should  address  applications  for  appointment  as 
second  lieutenant  to  the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  There  is  no  prescribed  form  of  application. 
The  names  of  all  applicants  are  arranged  on  one  list  in  the 
Adjutant-Generars  office  for  the  consideration  of  the  President 
when  vacancies  exist  and  appointments  are  to  be  made. 

EXAMINING  BOARDS— HOW  CONSTITUTED. 
Boards  for  the  examination  of  applicants  from  civil  life 
for  appointment  to  position  of  second  lieutenant  in  the  Army 
will  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  will  consist  of 
five  commissioned  officers,  including  two  medical  officers.  The 
duties  of  the  medical  officers  will  be  confined  to  the  inquiring 
into  and  reporting  upon  the  physical  qualifications  of  the 
candidates. 


4:0        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

QUALIFICATIONS— RULES  GOVERINING  THE  EXAMINATION. 

The  applicant  must  be  between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and 
twenty-seven  years.  He  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States; 
physically  qualified  to  discharge  all  of  the  duties  of  an  officer 
in  active  service;  free  from  any  deformity  of  body  or  mental 
infirmity,  and  of  good  morals. 

The  following  rules  govern  the  examination  of  candidates 
from  civil  life  for  appointment  to  the  Army  as  second  lieu- 
tenants: 

No  person  shall  be  examined  unless  he  has  a  letter  from 
the  War  Department  authorizing  his  examination. 

If  the  candidate  has  been  graduated  at  an  institution 
where  he  received  military  instruction,  he  must  present  a 
diploma  or  a  recommendation  from  the  faculty  of  the  insti- 
tution. 

If  a  member  of  the  National  Guard,  he  must  present  rec- 
ommendations from  the  proper  National  Guard  authorities. 

Every  candidate  will  be  subjected  to  a  rigid  physical  exam- 
ination, and  }t  there  be  found  to  exist  any  cause  of  disqualifi- 
cation which  might  in  the  future  impair  his  efficiency  as  an 
officer  of  the  Army,  he  will  be  rejected.  The  board  will  inquire 
and  report  concerning  each  applicant,  whether  he  is  of  good 
moral  character  or  addicted  to  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors. 
Examination  as  to  physical  qualifications  will  conform  to  the 
standard  required  of  recruits,  and  include  a  certificate  of  phys- 
ical examination  by  two  medical  officers  to  accompany  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  board  (which  will  embrace  all  the  information 
required  by  the  form  for  the  examination  of  recruits). 

The  board  being  satisfied  as  to  these  preliminary  points, 
will  proceed  to  examine  each  candidate  separately: 


in  the  United  States  Army,  41 

1.  In  his  knowledge  of  English  grammar,  and  his  ability 
to  read,  write,  and  spell  with  facility  and  correctness. 

2.  In  his  knowledge  of  arithmetic,  and  his  ability  to  apply 
its  rules  to  all  practical  questions;  in  his  knowledge  of  the  use 
of  logarithms,  and  his  ability  to  apply  them  to  questions  of 
practice;  in  his  knowledge  of  algebra,  to  include  the  solution 
of  simple  equations,  and  his  knowledge  of  geometry,  plane  trig- 
onometry, and  the  elements  of  surveying. 

3.  In  his  knowledge  of  geography,  particularly  in  refer- 
ence to  the  northern  continent  of  America. 

4.  In  his  knowledge  of  the  outlines  of  general  history,  and 
particularly  the  history  of  his  own  country. 

5.  In  his  knowledge  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  organization  of  the  Government  under  it,  and 
the  elements  of  international  law. 

6.  The  board,  having  examined  into  the  mental  qualifica- 
tions of  each  candidate  and  his  character  for  sobriety  and  fidel- 
ity, will  also  inquire  into  his  general  qualifications,  aptitude, 
and  probable  efficiency  as  an  officer  of  the  Army. 

No  candidate  will  be  passed  by  the  board  who  shall  not 
have  attained  an  average  of  65  per  cent  in  each  subject  of  the 
examination  and  a  general  average  of  at  least  70  per  cent. 

When  an  examining  board  shall  have  passed  upon  more 
than  one  candidate,  the  order  of  relative  merit  of  all  the  candi- 
dates examined  by  the  board  will  be  reported. 

The  proceedings  of  the  board  will  be  forwarded  to  the  Ad- 
jutant-General. 

ASSIGNMENT  TO  REGIMENT. 

Candidates  successful  in  securing  commissions  will  be  as- 
signed to  either  the  Cavalry,  Artillery,  or  Infantry  arm  of  the 
service,  depending  entirely  upon  existing  vacancies  at  the  time. 


42        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

EXPENSES    INCIDENT    TO   THE   EXAMINATION. 

Candidates  from  civil  life  must  defray  their  expenses  while 
attending  the  examination,  and  in  traveling  to  and  from  the 
meeting-place  of  the  examining  boards.  If  successful  in  ob- 
taining a  commission,  they  will  be  required  to  bear  their  ex- 
pense for  travel  from  the  place  of  receiving  their  order  of 
assignment  to  a  regiment  to  the  place  designated  in  the  order 
for  them  to  report  for  duty. 

NOTES. 

It  is  no  easy  matter  to  secure  a  commission  in  the  Army 
from  civil  life.  Where  one  vacancy  exists  there  are  hundreds 
of  applicants  for  the  place.  The  examination  is  not  a  hard 
one,  but  the  difficulty  lies  in  securing  permission  to  appear 
before  the  examining  board. 

Civilians  trying  for  appointment  are  invited  to  read  the 
last  paragraph  of  Chapter  IV.  Should  they  contemplate  enlist- 
ing with  this  purpose  in  view,  the  perusal  of  "The  Enlisted  Men 
of  the  Regular  Army,"  Chapter  V.,  will  give  them  an  idea  of 
the  class  of  men  with  whom  they  would  be  thrown  for  two 
years  or  longer.  Any  other  information  regarding  the  service 
they  may  desire  will  be  found  in  Chapters  IV.,  V.,  and  VIII. 

For  list  of  questions  asked  at  a  recent  examination,  see 
Appendix  C. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  43 

CHAPTER  VII. 

A   SHORT   TALK    WITH    NEWLY    COMMISSIONED 
OFFICERS. 

The  country  is  full  of  tailors;  some  are  reputable  and  some 
are  not.  No  advice  can  be  given  here  as  to  whom  to  patronize. 
It  will  not  be  difficult,  however,  to  learn  the  address  of  a  sat- 
isfactory firm.  In  ordering  your  uniforms,  it  is  better  to  have 
your  measurements  taken  in  person;  but  if  this  is  not  prac- 
ticable, good  results  may  be  had  by  carefully  filling  out  the 
measurement  blanks  furnished  by  all  the  better  establish- 
ments. Do  not  load  yourself  down  with  a  lot  of  cheap  uni- 
forms. They  will  never  look  well,  and  will  probably  cause  you 
to  be  branded,  upon  first  joining  your  regiment,  as  an  officer 
careless  about  his  personal  appearance.  On  the  other  hand, 
do  not  go  deeply  into  debt  in  order  to  get  the  most  expensive 
outfit.  Even  if  you  have  the  money,  it  is  not  the  best  of  taste 
to  show  extravagance  in  this  matter.  There  is  a  medium  be- 
tween these  two  extremes  which  it  is  well  to  follow. 

In  these  days  of  foreign  service  you  will  need  an  outfit 
something  near  the  following  list,  the  cost  of  which  will  be 
between  two  hundred  and  fifty  and  three  hundred  dollars: 

Sword;  revolver,  with  holster  and  cartridge-belt,  for  field 
service;  sword  belt,  leather;  field  glasses;  one  undress  blouse; 
one  field  blouse  of  dark  blue  cloth;  two  khaki  blouses;  two 
white  duck  blouses;  two  pairs  of  uniform  trousers;  two  pairs 
khaki  trousers;  four  pairs  of  white  duck  trousers;  forage  cap, 
dark  blue;  forage  cap,  white;  campaign  hat;  pair  of  leggings; 
six  pairs  of  white  gloves;  cape;  overcoat;  mackintosh,  and  high 
rubber  boots. 


44        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

The  cape  is  not,  strictly  speaking,  a  part  of  the  uniform. 
It  cannot  be  worn  when  on  duty  with  troops,  but  is  a  hand- 
some and  convenient  article  of  dress  and  will  be  found  very 
useful. 

To  the  above  list  might  be  added  the  dress  coat,  dress  (or 
gold  lace)  belt,  shoulder-knots  and  helmet.  The  dress  uniform 
is  now  so  seldom  worn  that  it  would  be  hard  to  advise  a  young 
oflacer  to  provide  himself  with  one  unless  he  is  sure  of  a 
station  within  the  United  States,  where  he  would,  probably, 
some  time  have  need  for  it.  This  uniform  is  quite  expensive, 
and  besides,  is  more  or  less  of  a  burden  when  traveling  from 
station  to  station. 

A  newly  appointed  officer,  immediately  upon  the  receipt  of 
his  order  of  assignment  to  a  regiment,  should  report  at  once 
to  his  regimental  commander  by  letter. 

When  reporting  for  duty,  wear  your  undress  uniform  and 
sword. 

Begin  and  continue  your  military  career  by  being  exem- 
plary in  your  deportment  and  considerate  in  your  conduct 
toward  the  men  under  you.  Remember  that  swearing  at  and 
abusing  your  inferiors  in  rank  does  not  stamp  you  as  embody- 
ing all  that  is  necessary  in  a  great  military  commander.  Any 
common  tough  or  bully  can  do  this.  The  truly  great  comman- 
der of  men  is  he  who  says  little,  but  by  his  firmness  and  earn- 
estness accomplishes  much. 

On  all  occasions  respect  the  rank  and  length  of  service  of 
the  older  officers  of  your  regiment,  and  be  cheerful,  earnest, 
and  loyal  in  obeying  their  orders. 

There  are  people  in  both  civil  and  military  life  who  hold 
positions  quite  as  high  and  honorable  as  a  second  lieutenant, 
and  a  newly  appointed  officer  of  the  latter  rank  will  do  well 


in  the  United  States  Army,  45 

to  bear  this  fact  in  mind.    Your  position  is  a  dignified,  honor- 
able, and  just  fairly  remunerative  one. 

Do  not  go  deeply  into  debt  thinking  that  you  can  pay  out 
easily  from  your  salary.  After  a  second  lieutenant  has  paid 
his  mess  bills,  kept  himself  provided  with  the  necessary  uni- 
forms and  equipment,  and  met  the  hundred  and  one  other  calls 
on  his  purse,  he  will  find  but  little  of  his  pay  remaining.  Men 
commissioned  from  the  Army  are  especially  warned  against 
going  into  debt.  Accustomed  to  the  pay  of  a  soldier,  they  over- 
estimate the  purchasing  power  of  their  monthly  pay  voucher 
and  get  hopelessly  Involved  before  they  discover  their  mistake. 

FORM  OF  OATH  TAKEN  BY  ALL.  COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS. 
I,  ,  having  been  appointed  a  in  the  military 


service  of  the  United  States,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that 
I  will  support  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
against  all  enemies,  foreign  and  domestic;  that  I  will  bear  true 
faith  and  allegiance  to  the  same;  that  I  take  this  obligation 
freely,  without  any  mental  reservation  or  purpose  of  evasion; 
and  that  I  will  well  and  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
office  on  which  I  am  about  to  enter.    So  help  me  God. 


Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me,  at  ,  this 

day  of ,  190—. 


46        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

GRADES  OP  RANK  OP  OPPICERS  AND  NON-COMMISSIONED 
OPPICERS.— RELATIVE  RANK  BETWEEN  OPPICERS  OP 
THE  ARMY  AND  THE  NAVY.— PAY  AND  ALLOWANCES 
OP  OPPICERS.— PAY  AND  ALLOWANCES  OP  ENLISTED 

MEN. 

GRADES  OP  RANK  OP  OPPICERS  AND  NON-COMMISSIONED 
OPPICERS. 

The  grades  of  rank  of  officers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers of  the  United  States  Army  are  given  below.  In  each  grade, 
date  of  commission,  appointment,  or  warrant  determines  the 
order  of  precedence.  Officers  of  the  Regular  Army,  Marine 
Corps,  and  Volunteers,  when  commissioned  or  mustered  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States,  being  upon  equal  footing,  take 
precedence  in  each  grade  by  date  of  commission  or  appoint- 
ment. When  employed  with  the  Regular  or  Volunteer  troops, 
Militia  officers  take  rank  next  after  all  officers  of  like  grade 
in  those  forces. 

Should  two  or  more  officers  of  the  Regular  or  Volunteer 
forces  be  of  the  same  grade  and  date  of  appointment  or  com- 
mission, other  than  through  regular  promotion  through  senior- 
ity, their  relative  rank  is  determined  by  length  of  service  as  a 
commissioned  officer,  either  in  the  Regular  or  Volunteer  estab- 
lishments, since  April  19,  1861.  It  makes  no  difference  whether 
this  service  has  been  continuous  or  not: 

1.  Lieutenant-general. 

2.  Major-general. 

3.  Brigadier  general. 

4.  Colonel. 

5.  Lieutenant-colonel. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  47 

6.  Major. 

7.  Captain. 

8.  First  lieutenant. 

9.  Second  lieutenant. 

10.  Cadet  U.  S.  Military  Academy. 

11.  Sergeant-major  (regimental). 

12.  Quartermaster  sergeant  (regimental). 

13.  Commissary  sergeant  (regimental). 

14.  Ordnance  sergeant,  commissary  sergeant,  post  quar- 
termaster sergeant,  electrician  sergeant,  hospital  steward,  first- 
class  sergeant  of  the  Signal  Corps,  chief  musician,  chief  trum- 
peter, and  principal  musician. 

15.  Squadron,  or  battalion  sergeant-major,  and  color- 
sergeant. 

16.  First  sergeant  and  drum  major. 

17.  Company  or  troop  quartermaster  sergeant,  sergeant, 
and  acting  hospital  steward. 

18.  Corporal.  , 

19.  Lance  corporal. 

RELATIVE  RANK  BETWEEN  OFFICERS  OF  THE  ARMY  AND 

NAVY. 

Lineal  rank  only  being  considered,  the  relative  rank  be- 
tween ofiicers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  is  as  follows: 


Army. 

Navy. 

1. 

General. 

1. 

Admiral. 

2. 

Lieutenant-general. 

2. 

Vice-admiral. 

3. 

Major-general. 

3. 

Rear-admiral. 

4. 

Brigadier  general. 

4. 

Commodore. 

5. 

Colonel. 

5. 

Captain. 

6. 

Lieutenant-colonel. 

6. 

Commander. 

7. 

Major. 

7. 

Lieutenant  commander. 

48         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

8.  Captain.  8.    Lieutenant 

9.  First  lieutenant  9.    Lieutenant  (junior  grade) 
10.    Second  lieutenant.                 10.    Ensign. 

PAY  AND  ALLOWANCES  OP  OFFICERS. 

Pa/y  of  Offlcers  in  Active  Service, 

In  time  of  war  every  officer  serving  with  troops  operating 
against  an  enemy  who  shall  exercise,  under  assignment  in 
orders  issued  by  competent  authority,  a  command  above  that 
pertaining  to  his  grade,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  the  pay  and 
allowances  of  the  grade  appropriate  to  the  command  so  exer- 
cised. A  rate  of  pay  exceeding  that  of  a  brigadier  general  shall 
not  be  paid  in  any  case  by  reason  of  such  assignment. 

The  pay  of  officers  serving  in  Porto  Rico,  Cuba,  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands,  Hawaii,  and  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska  shall 
be  increased  10  per  centum  over  and  above  the  rates  of  pay 
proper  as  given  in  the  following  table: 


in  the  United  States  Army. 


49 


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50        A  Manual  [or  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

The  10  per  cent  increase  for  length  of  service  is  computed 
from  date  of  acceptance  of  appointment.  Officers  are  entitled 
to  count  their  full  time  as  officers  of  Volunteers,  or  as  enlisted 
men,  Regular  or  Volunteer,  or  as  Cadets  at  the  Military  Acad- 
emy, in  computing  their  service  for  longevity  pay. 

An  officer  on  duty  without  troops  at  a  station  where  there 
are  no  public  quarters,  or  where  the  public  quarters  are  inade- 
quate, is  entitled  to  commutation  therefor  at  established  rates. 

Officers  entitled  to  commutation  of  quarters  will  receive 
payment  therefor  at  the  rate  of  $12  per  month  per  room.  A 
lieutenant  is  entitled  to  two  rooms,  a  captain  to  three,  etc. 

Officers  of  the  Army  are  entitled  to  a  double  berth  in  a 
sleeping  car,  or  to  the  customary  stateroom  accommodations 
on  steamers,  where  extra  charge  is  made  for  the  same,  when 
traveling  under  orders  with  troops. 

When  an  officer  travels  without  troops  under  orders,  he  is 
entitled  to  the  following  allowances:  To  mileage  at  the  rate 
of  seven  cents  per  mile  for  the  distance  between  the  points 
named  in  the  order,  such  distance  to  be  computed  over  the 
shortest  usually  travelled  route. 

In  the  following  cases  no  expense  of  travel  is  allowed:  In 
joining  for  duty  upon  first  appointment  to  the  military  service, 
or  under  the  first  order  after  a  reinstatement  or  reappoint- 
ment, or  under  an  order  to  effect  a  transfer  from  one  company 
or  regiment  to  another,  made  at  the  request  of  the  officers  trans- 
ferred. Assistant  surgeons,  graduates  of  the  Military  Academy, 
and  officers  appointed  from  the  ranks,  joining  under  first  order 
after  appointment  or  commission,  are  excepted  from  these 
provisions. 

The  baggage  of  a  second  lieutenant  to  be  transported  at 
public  expense,  including  mess  chests  and  personal  baggage,  up- 


m  the  United  States  Army.  61 

on  change  of  station,  will  not  exceed  1,500  pounds.  This  allow- 
ance is  in  excess  of  the  weights  transported  free  of  charge  un- 
der the  regular  fares  by  public  carriers.  When  embarking  un- 
der orders  for  extended  service  over  the  sea  for  duty,  the  al- 
lowance of  baggage  to  be  transported  by  the  quartermaster's 
department  from  initial  point  to  port  of  embarkation  and  from 
port  of  destination  to  garrison  station  will  be  three  times  this 
allowance.  This  allowance  will  be  carried  over  the  seas,  by 
order  of  the  War  Department,  on  Government  transports.  The 
field  allowance  is  150  pounds. 

Officers  when  traveling  to  and  from  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico, 
in  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Hawaiian,  Philippine,  and  other  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  under  orders  and  without  troops,  will  be 
allowed  actual  expenses  only,  an  itemized  statement  of  which 
must  be  filed  with  each  voucher  for  payment. 

PAY  AND  ALLOWANCES  OP  ENLISTED  MEN. 
All  soldiers  receive  from  the  Government  (in  addition  to 
their  pay)  rations,  clothing,  bedding,  medicines,  and  medical 
attendance. 


52 


A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 


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m  the  United  States  Army.  53 

To  the  above  rates  of  pay  add  $2.00  per  month  for  the  sixth 
year  of  continuous  service,  an  additional  dollar  per  month  for 
the  eleventh,  sixteenth,  twenty-first,  twenty-sixth,  and  thirty- 
first  year  of  continuous  service.  Example. — Pay  of  a  private 
soldier  per  month:  First  and  second  years,  $13;  third  year, 
$14;  fourth  year,  $15;  fifth  year,  $16;  sixth  year,  $18;  eleventh 
year,  $19;  sixteenth  year,  $20;  twenty-first  year,  $21;  twenty- 
sixth  year,  $22. 

Soldiers  serving  in  Porto  Rico,  Cuba,  Alaska,  Hawaiian 
Islands,  and  Philippine  Islands  are  entitled  to  20  per  cent  added 
to  the  above  pay. 

Enlisted  men  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  the 
Marine  Corps  and  have  enlisted  in  the  Army  within  three 
months  thereafter,  are  regarded  as  having  been  continuously  in 
the  service,  and  entitled  to  all  the  advantages  it  confers  under 
the  laws. 

When  the  soldier  is  able  and  willing  to  serve  out  his  term, 
but  has  had  his  service  closed  or  interrupted  by  the  action  of 
the  Government,  as  in  case  of  supernumeraries,  etc.,  and  he  is 
then  re-enlisted  within  three  months  after  discharge, .  he  is  en- 
titled to  the  increase  after  five  years*  service. 

An  enlisted  man  when  discharged  from  the  service,  except 
by  way  of  punishment  for  an  offense,  shall  receive  four  cents 
per  mile  from  the  place  of  his  discharge  to  the  place  of  his  en- 
listment, enrollment,  or  original  muster  into  the  service,  ex- 
cept that  for  sea  travel  on  discharge  to,  from,  or  between  our 
island  possessions  transportation  and  subsistence  only  shall  be 
furnished  him.  Enlisted  men  who  are  discharged  in  order  to 
enable  them  to  accept  commissions  in  the  Army  are  not  en- 
titled to  travel  pay. 


54         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

A  soldier  will  not  be  entitled  to  travel  pay  when  dis- 
charged: 

(1)  On  account  of  promotion. 

(2)  On  his  own  application,  whether  by  way  of  favor,  by 
purchase,  or  as  a  veteran. 

(3)  While  in  the  hands  of  the  civil  authorities  under  sen- 
tence of  imprisonment. 

(4)  By  way  of  punishment  for  an  offense. 

A  soldier  can  deposit  his  savings  in  sums  not  less  than  five 
dollars  with  any  Army  paymaster,  and  for  sums  so  deposited  for 
a  period  of  six  months  or  longer,  on  his  final  discharge,  will  be 
paid  interest  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent  per  annum.  These 
deposits  are  non-forfeitable  except  for  desertion. 

By  care  and  economy  a  soldier  can  save  a  considerable  sum 
from  his  clothing  allowance,  payable  to  him  on  his  discharge. 

In  time  of  peace,  a  soldier  serving  in  the  second  year  or 
first  six  months  of  the  third  year  of  his  enlistment  may  apply  to 
the  Adjutant-General  of  the  Army,  through  military*  channels, 
for  the  privilege  of  purchasing  his  discharge;  but  such  appli- 
cation will  not  be  entertained  unless  based  on  satisfactory  reas- 
ons fully  set  forth  by  the  applicant  and  verified  by  the  officer 
forwarding  the  application,  nor  unless  accompanied  by  a  state- 
ment of  the  soldier's  immediate  commanding  officer  showing 
the  condition  of  his  accounts.  If  such  application  be  granted, 
the  purchase  price  will  be  entered  on  the  final  statements  as  an 
item  due  the  United  States.  A  soldier  once  discharged  by  pur- 
chase will  not  be  granted  that  favor  a  second  time.  A  soldier 
serving  in  a  second  or  any  other  enlistment,  but  not  receiving 
continuous  service  or  re-enlisted  pay,  is  not  debarred  from  dis- 
charge by  purchase.  The  price  in  the  first  month  of  the  second 
year  will  be  $120,  and  will  be  $5  less  in  each  succeeding  month 
of  the  period  during  which  purchase  may  be  authorized. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  56 

CHAPTER  IX. 
A  FEW  WORDS  FROM  A  SOLDIER'S  DICTIONARY. 

Blind.    A  fin©  imposed  by  a  court-martial. 

Bobtail.  An  ordinary  discharge  certificate  with  the  "char- 
acter" cut  off.  This  form  of  discharge  without  "character"  is 
no  longer  given. 

Bucking  for  orderly.  The  act  of  cleaning  clothing  and 
equipment  preparatory  to  going  on  guard,  with  the  view  of 
being  adjudged  by  the  adjutant  the  cleanest  man  of  all  the 
details  for  guard  duty,  and,  consequently,  being  selected  as 
orderly  for  the  commanding  oflacer. 

Bunk  fatigue.  Lying  on  one's  bunk  during  fatigue  hours. 
Being  on  no  duty. 

Bunkie.    The  soldier  occupying  the  adjoining  bunk. 

Butter  chips.  The  mythical  "checks"  which  recruits  are 
often  instructed  by  the  old  soldiers  to  demand  of  the  "top 
sergeant." 

Button  stick.  A  flat  piece  of  metal  or  wood  having  a  nar- 
row slit  in  the  center  into  which  buttons  are  run  in  order  that 
they  may  be  cleaned  without  soiling  the  garment  to  which  they 
are  attached. 

Canteen  checks.  Brass  checks  having  a  purchasing  power 
at  the  post  canteen  where  they  are  Issued. 

Chasing  prisoners.    Being  on  guard  over  prisoners  at  work. 

Coffee-cooler.  A  soldier  who  seeks  and  performs  duties 
that  excuse  him  from  the  usual,  or  military,  duties  of  a  soldier. 

Coffee  money.  Money  paid  soldiers  in  lieu  of  the  coffee 
ration  when  traveling  and  it  being  impracticable  to  furnish 
them  with  liquid  coffee. 

Come  and  get  it.  A  soldier-cook's  words  to  notify  his  com- 
rades that  the  meal  hour  has  arrived. 


56        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Commission-bucker,  An  aspirant  for  shoulder-straps;  a 
candidate  for  a  commission. 

Cook's  police.    Men  detailed  to  assist  the  cook. 

Cracker  line.  The  line  of  communication  with  the  base  of 
supplies.  Sometimes  applied  to  the  transportation  used  to 
bring  up  the  provisions,  or  commissaries. 

Dadiac:  A  liquid  used  for  polishing  leather  equipments. 
It  was  well  known  to  the  **01d  Army,"  but  is  now  seldom  used. 
To  polish  with  dadiac. 

Dog-robber.  A  soldier  who  works  for  an  officer.  See 
striker. 

Dough-boy.    An  infantry  soldier.    See  mudsplasJier. 

Duty  sergeant.  A  company  sergeant  other  than  the  first 
sergeant  or  quartermaster  sergeant. 

Fatigue.  Work.  Any  duties  of  the  nature  of  manual 
labor. 

Feed.    Food;  victuals.    To  eat. 

Finals.  Money  due  a  soldier  from  the  Government  at  the 
date  of  his  discharge. 

Gun.    Rifle  or  carbine. 

Hand-shaker.    See  coffee-cooler. 

Hardtack.  Hard  bread.  The  crackers  issued  by  the  com- 
missary department  as  the  bread  component  of  the  field  ration. 

Heel-ball.  A  wax-like  substance  used  for  polishing  leather 
or  stocks  of  rifles. 

Hero  stories.  Tales  of  reminiscences  as  told  by  men  re- 
turning from  active  service. 

Hike.    March.    To  march  in  the  field;  to  campaign. 

Hold  up  your  hand.    To  enlist.    See  take  on. 

Jawbone.    Credit. 

Juniper.  A  civilian.  Any  person  not  in  the  military 
service. 


m  the  United  States  Army.  57 

Kitchen  police.    See  coolc's  police. 

K.  O.    The  commanding  officer. 

Lance-jack.    A  lance  corporal;  an  acting  corporal. 

Leather-pounder.    A  cavalry  or  mounted  soldier. 

Locker.  A  box  or  closet  in  which  soldiers  keep  their  extra 
clothing.  ' 

Long  Tom.    The  infantry  rifle. 

Mess  hall.  A  room  in  which  a  company  or  other  organiza- 
tion eats  its  meals. 

Mill.  The  guard-house.  A  room  or  cell  in  which  soldiers 
are  confined  as  punishment  for  the  commission  of  military  of- 
fenses. 

Mud-splasher.    A  foot  soldier.    See  dough-hoy. 

Non-com.    A  non-commissioned  officer. 

Old  man.    The  commanding  officer. 

Orderly-bucker.  One  who  tries  for  orderly.  See  hucMng 
for  orderly. 

Orderly  room.    The  company,  troop,  or  battery  office. 

Plum  *'dufe.'*  Plum  pudding.  Usually  made  with  molasses 
as  the  sweetening  ingredient. 

Police.    To  cleanse;  to  free  from  dirt. 

Pull-through.  A  strong  string  used  for  pulling  rags  through 
the  bore  of  a  rifle  to  clean  it. 

Punk.    Bread. 

Quarters.    Barracks  or  officers'  residences. 

Rear.    A  necessary  outhouse. 

Rookey.    A  recruit. 

Room  orderly.  A  soldier  detailed  to  attend  to  the  cleaning 
of  the  barracks  or  sauad  rooms.  His  duties  are  to  fill  the 
lamps,  build  the  fires,  and  see  that  the  floors,  walls  and  windows 
are  clean. 


68        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Shavey.  An  officer  just  appointed  to  the  service.  Usually 
applied  to  the  newest  second  lieutenant  in  the  regiment. 

Short  month.  Every  other  month.  So  called  because  25 
cents  for  the  support  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  is  deducted  from  the 
soldier's  pay. 

Slum.    Irish  atew. 

Spuds.    Potatoes. 

Striker.  A  soldier  employed  by  an  officer  as  a  sort  of  valet. 
See  dog-rohber. 

Take  on.    The  act  of  enlisting.    See  hold  up  your  hwnd. 

Toad-sticker.    A  sword. 

Top  sergeant.    The  first  sergeant. 

Tripoli.  A  fine,  gritty  powder,  which,  when  mixed  with 
vinegar  or  alcohol,  is  used  to  polish  brass  buttons  and  the  brass 
parts  of  the  equipments. 

Turn  out.  To  appear  outside  the  barracks  or  quarters  for 
the  performance  of  some  military  duty. 

Year  and  a  butt.  A  year  and  a  fraction  of  a  year.  A  sol- 
dier who  is  starting  on  the  second  year  of  a  three-year  enlist- 
ment would  say  that  he  has  a  "year  and  a  butt"  yet  to  serve. 

Wagon  soldiers.    Light  batterymen. 

White  money.  Literally,  silver  money.  The  word  is  used 
by  soldiers  in  contradistinction  from  canteen  checks,  which  are 
made  of  brass. 

Within  the  limits.  A  soldier  who  re-enlists  within  three 
months  from  date  of  his  discharge  is  said  to  have  re-enlisted 
"within  the  limits." 


m  the  United  States  Army.  59 

APPENDIX  A. 

QUESTIONS  ASKED  AT  RECENT  EXAMINATIONS. 

The  following  questions  were  asked  at  a  recent  examination 
of  applicants  for  appointment  to  the  United  States  Military- 
Academy  at  West  Point,  New  York.  A  fair  idea  of  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  these  examinations  may  be  obtained  from 
them.  It  is  well  to  warn  the  aspirant  right  here  that  these  ex- 
aminations are  always  thorough,  and  it  is  useless  for  any  per- 
son not  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  subjects  they  embrace 
to  appear  before  the  examining  boards: 

Reading,  Writimj,  and  Orthography. 

In  reading,  candidates  must  be  able  to  read  understandingly, 
with  proper  accent  and  emphasis. 

In  writing  and  orthography,  they  must  be  able,  from  dicta- 
tion, to  write  sentences  from  standard  pieces  of  English  litera- 
ture, both  prose  and  poetry,  sufficient  in  number  to  test  their 
qualifications  both  in  handwriting  and  orthography.  They 
must  also  be  able  to  write  and  spell  correctly  from  dictation  a 
certain  number  of  standard  test  words.  The  following  were 
given  at  a  recent  examination: 

"There  was  no  pursuit,  though  the  sun  was  still  high  in  the 
heaven  when  William  crossed  the  Gette.  The  conquerors  were 
so  much  exhausted  by  marching  and  fighting  that  they  could 
scarcely  move;  and  the  horses  were  in  even  worse  condition 
than  the  men.  Their  general  thought  it  necessary  to  allow 
some  time  for  rest  and  refreshment.  The  French  nobles  un- 
loaded their  sumpter  horses,  supped  gaily,  and  pledged  one 
another  in  champagne  amidst  the  heaps  of  dead;   and,  when 


60       A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

night  fell,  whole  brigades  gladly  lay  down  to  sleep  in  their 
ranks  on  the  field  of  battle.  The  inactivity  of  Luxemburg  did 
not  escape  censure.  None  could  deny  that  he  had  in  the  action 
shown  great  skill  and  energy.  But  some  complained  that  he 
wanted  patience  and  perseverance.  Others  whispered  that  he 
had  no  wish  to  bring  to  an  end  a  war  which  made  him  neces- 
sary to  a  Court  where  he  had  never,  in  time  of  peace,  found 
favour  or  even  justice.  Lewis,  who  on  this  occasion  was  per- 
haps not  altogether  free  from  some  emotions  of  jealousy,  con- 
trived, it  was  reported,  to  mingle  with  the  praise  which  he  be- 
stowed on  his  lieutenant  blame  which,  though  delicately  ex- 
pressed, was  perfectly  intelligible.'* 

"And  what  is  home  and  where,  but  with  the  loving? 
Happy  thou  art,  that  f?o  canst  gaze  on  thine! 
My  spirit  feels  but,  in  its  weary  roving. 
That  with  the  dead,  where  'er  they  be,  is  mine. 

"Go  to  thy  home,  rejoicing  son  and  brother! 

Bear  in  fresh  gladness  to  the  household  scene! 
For  me,  too,  watch  the  sister  and  the  mother, 
I  will  believe — ^but  dark  seas  roll  between." 


1.  Abdicate. 

2.  Abutted. 

3.  Accessibility. 

4.  Acclivity. 

5.  Accosted. 

6.  Acme. 

7.  Bachelor. 

8.  Compass. 


9.  Derelict. 

10.  Despondent. 

11.  Disperse. 

12.  Erase. 

13.  Imperative. 

14.  Kerosene. 

15.  Mnemonics. 

16.  Neuter. 


17.  Orally. 

18.  Preference. 

19.  Presbyterian. 

20.  Raisin. 

21.  Salad. 

22.  Tidiness. 

23.  Triple. 

24.  Villain. 


m  the  United  States  Army.  61 

Arithmetic, 

n 

1.  How  many  sixteenths  are  there  in    ? 

8 

2.  What  is  the  difference  in  grains  between  42  3-8  lbs.  Av. 

and  42.375  lbs.  T.? 

3.  A  bought  10  pears  and  20  apples  for  11  cents;  at  anothei 
time,  when  the  prices  were  the  same,  he  bought  20  pears  and  10 
apples  for  13  cents;  what  did  he  pay  for  each  apple  and  pear? 

4.  A  is  49  years  old  at  the  time  his  three  sons  are  25,  20, 
and  16  years  old,  respectively.  Find  A's  age  at  the  time  it  is 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  ages  of  his  three  sons. 

5.  472  is  the  greatest  common  divisor  of  two  numbers, 
and  7  :  9  is  their  ratio  in  its  simplest  form;  what  are  the 
numbers? 

6.  A  wheel  with  35  cogs  works  into  a  small  wheel  with  26 
cogs;  in  how  many  revolutions  of  the  larger  wheel  will  the 
smaller  one  gain  10  revolutions? 

7.  A  gun  is  fired  36  times  before  a  second  gun  begins, 
after  which  the  first  is  fired  8  times  while  the  second  is  fired 
7  times;  but  the  second  requires  the  same  amount  of  powder  ^ 
for  3  shots  that  the  first  requires  for  4.  When  both  guns  have 
used  up  the  same  amount  of  powder,  how  many  shots  have  been 
fired  from  each? 

8.  A,  B,  C,  and  D,  working,  one  at  a  time,  do  a  certain 
work  in  130  days.  A  gets  42  cents,  B  gets  45  cents,  C  gets  48 
cents,  and  D  gets  50  cents  for  each  day's  work.  Bach  received 
the  same  amount.    How  many  days  did  each  work? 

9.  Having  300  barrels  of  flour  worth  $7.50  per  barrel,  and 
800  barrels  worth  $7.80  per  barrel,  and  400  barrels  worth  $7.65 
per  barrel,  how  many  more  barrels  of  flour  at  $8.00  and  $8.50 
per  barrel  will  make  2,000  barrels  worth  $7.85  a  barrel? 


62        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Grammar, 

Correct  all  the  errors  in  the  following  sentences: 

1.  Who  of  all  men  in  the  world  do  you  think  I  saw? 

2.  He  or  you  or  I  are  expected. 

3.  You  may  do  what  you  have  done  a  century  ago. 

4.  I  found  him  better  than  I  expected  to  have  found  him. 

5.  The  following  facts  may  he  or  have  been  adduced  as 
reasons. 

6.  We  have  brought  you  back  peace;  such  a  peace  which, 
I  hope,  will  satisfy  our  sovereign. 

7.  Repetition  is  to  be  preferred  before  obscurity. 

8.  They  have  no  other  object  but  to  come. 

9.  London  is  more  crowded  than  any  city  in  England, 

10.  Except  you  go  with  me,  I  shall  stay  at  home. 

11.  He  was  illy  equipped  for  the  journey. 

12.  I  prefer  to  wait  for  him  than  to  go  alone. 

13.  He  struck  me  as  I  was  jumping  in  the  sleigh. 

14.  Irving  and  Macaulay's  style  are  different. 

15.  Where  will  you  find  such  another  instance? 

16.  I  like  it  the  best  of  any  machine  I  have  seen. 

17.  Stand  on  the  desk  so  as  all  can  see  you. 

18.  The  committee  who  drafted  the  report  was  composed 
of  six  members. 

19.  I  have  every  confidence  in  his  honesty. 

20.  He  must  have  fired  not  less  than  six  shots  at  it. 

I.  Give  the  principal  parts  (present  tense,  past  tense,  and 
past  participle)  of  the  following  verbs:  1.  J)ear  .(to  carry); 
2.  heset;  3.  Ud;  4.  burst;  5.  draw;  6.  fall;  7.  forbear; 
8.  forsake;  9.  hide;  10.  lie  (to  recline);  11.  rid;  12.  sit; 
13.  swear;     14.  tear;    15.  wi}n>. 


in  the  United  States  Army,  63 

II.  Write  the  plurals  of  the  following  words:  1.  medley; 
2.  niwiey;     3.  colony;      4.  alkali;      5.  Buffalo;     Q.  3;     7.  canto; 

8.  solo;       9.  James;       10.  Miss  Smith;       11.  thief;       12.  &o^(Z- 
ivomati;     13.  Turcoman;     14.  going-out;     15.  parenthesis, 

III.  Write  the  feminine  forms  of  the  following  words: 
1.  Jew?;  2.  /^ero;  3.  man-servant;  4.  Mr  on;  5.  viscount; 
6.  aiYibassador;  7.  votary;  8.  testator;  9.  eari;  10.  >Sfpa/i- 
iartZ;  11.  Frenchman;  12.  emperor;  13.  horse;  14.  ram; 
15.  mayor, 

IV.  Write  the  possessive  case  of  the  following  words: 
1.  c/^/id;  2.  woman;  3.  house;  4.  /;  5.  ^s/ieep  (plural); 
6.   James;       7.    court-martial;       8.    Lore?    Maym-    of     London; 

9.  Henry  the  Eighth;     10.  tee. 

V.  Define  a  Clause;  2.  Define  a  Phrase;  3.  Define  Per- 
soiia?  Pronouns;  4.  Define  Relative  Pronouns;  5.  Define  a  Oow- 
ju'nction;     6.  Define  a  Preposition. 

Geography. 

1.  Define  a  diameter  of  a  sphere.  V/hat  is  the  length  of 
the  earth's  axis;  of  its  circumference? 

2.  Define  an  island,  isthmus,  bay. 

3.  What  oceanic  waters  bound  North  America?  Name  all 
the  channels  by  which  that  to  the  north  is  connected  to  the 
other  two,  on  the  east,  on  the  west. 

4.  What  is  the  language  principally  spoken  in  Mexico? 
Name  the  capital  city  of  the  country;  in  what  State  is  it? 
Name  two  States  contiguous  to  this  one. 

5.  Name  in  order  the  countries  that  would  be  passed  in 
going  alon^  the  coast  of  South  America  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Amazon  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  the  capital  of  each.  Name 
the  two  largest  rivers  of  the  section  and  State  where  they 
empty. 


64         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

6.  Name  in  order  the  countries  passed  to  the  right  in 
going  along  the  western  coast  of  the  continent  of  Europe  from 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  to  Copenhagen.  Name  the  capital  of 
each. 

7.  What  countries  constitute  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula? 
Name  in  continuous  order  the  waters  that  bound  it 

8.  Locate  definitely  the  following  cities  of  the  British 
Isles,  stating  upon  what  waters  situated,  if  any:  Portsmouth, 
Queenstown,  Liverpool,  Edinburgh. 

9.  Name  the  subdivision  of  Asiatic  Russia  and  state  in 
consecutive  order  the  political  divisions  of  Asia  that  touch  the 
Black  and  Caspian  seas. 

10.  Name  in  consecutive  order  the  political  divisions  of 
Asia  that  touch  the  Chinese  empire  on  the  south  and  west. 

11.  Name  the  provinces  of  Australia,  the  capital  of  each; 
which  three  provinces  form  the  eastern  part  of  the  country? 

12.  Name  in  consecutive  order  the  divisions  of  Africa 
bordering  on  the  coast  between  Suez  and  Cape  Guardafui; 
name  in  order  the  waters  touching  this  coast. 

13.  Give  the  directions  of  the  following  islands  from  some 
well-defined  point  of  the  nearest  continent:  Mauritius,  Tas- 
mania, Formosa,  Ascencion. 

14.  Name  in  consecutive  order  the  divisions  of  Canada 
which  lie  along  our  northern  border  east  from  Duluth;  locate 
the  capital  of  each. 

15.  Name  in  consecutive  order  from  south  to  north  the 
States  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

16.  Name  in  consecutive  order  the  States  that  touch  the 
Pacific  and  the  States  and  Territories  that  touch  Mexico. 

17.  In  following  the  Mississippi  from  St.  Paul  to  New 
Orleans,  what  States  are  passed  to  the  left 


in  the  United  states  Army,  65 

18.  Name  in  consecutive  order  the  States  that  touch  the 
Great  Lakes. 

19.  Name  in  continuous  order  the  States  and  Territories 
touched  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

20.  Bound  the  following  States:  South  Carolina,  Nebras- 
ka, Ohio,  and  Idaho.  All  contiguous  States  must  be  named  in 
bounding.  *" 

21.  Name  the  three  most  important  seaports  of  the  Gulf, 
three  of  the  Atlantic  Coast,  south  of  Cape  Hatteras. 

22.  Give  the  eastern  and  western  terminal  of  the  trunk 
line  of  railway  embracing  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  roads; 
name  the  States  traversed  by  this  line. 

23.  Name  and  locate  definitely  the  capitals  of  the  following 
States:  North  Carolina,  Maine,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania,  North 
Dakota,  Washington.    State  upon  what  waters  situated,  if  any. 

24.  The  Meridian  of  Cincinnati  passes  through  what 
States? 

History, 

1.  What  explorations  or  discoveries  did  each  of  the  follow- 
ing-named persons  make?  Give  the  date  in  each  case,  a,  De 
Narvaez.    6.  Coronado.    c.  Marquette,    d.  La  Salle. 

2.  Name  three  colonies  that  were  founded  for  religious 
reasons  and  give  the  sect  or  denomination  by  which  each  was 
colonized. 

3.  Who  were  the  Pilgrims? 

4.  When  and  under  what  circumstances  was  Delaware 
separated  from  Pennsylvania? 

5.  Give  an  account  of  Bacon's  Rebellion. 

6.  When  and  where  did  each  of  the  following  events  occur? 
a.  Meeting  of  the  first  Colonial  Congress;  b,  Burgoyne's  sur- 
render;   c.  Arnold's  treason. 


66         A  Mmiual  for'  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

7.  Name  some  important  results  of  each  of  the  following 
battles  of  the  Revolutionary  War:  a.  Long  Island;  6.  Tren- 
ton;    c.  Brandy  wine. 

8.  Name  four  additions  to  the  Territory  of  the  United 
States  since  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  give  the  way  each  has 
been  acquired. 

9.  Bound  the  Territory  of  the  United  States  at  the  close 
of  the  Revolutionary  War. 

10.  What  was  the  "Massacre  of  Wyoming"? 

11.  When,  where  and  for  what  purpose  did  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  meet?  What  resulted  from  its  delibera- 
tions? i 

12.  What  was  the  "Whiskey  Insurrection"?       '  ^' 

13.  What  were  the  "Alien  and  Sedition"  laws?  What  was 
their  effect? 

14.  When  and  where  was  the  last  battle  of  the  war  of 
1812  fought?    Name  the  commanders  on  each  side. 

15.  What  were  the  two  principal  political  parties  in  1860? 
Their  candidates  for  the  Presidency?  Their  leading  doctrines 
on   the  slavery   question?    Parties?    Candidates?    Principles? 

16.  With  what  foreign  nations  had  the  United  States  un- 
friendly relations  during  and  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  War? 
Give  the  cause  in  each  case? 

17.  Name,  with  date,  three  important  military  events  of 
1865. 

18.  What  Vice-Presidents  have  become  President?  Name 
the  predecessor  in  each  case. 

19.  Give  an  account  of  the  "Yirginius  affair." 

20.  In  what  war  were  the  following  fought?  What  were 
the  opposing  forces?  Which  side  won?  a.  Ticonderoga. 
&.  Monterey,  c.  Saratoga,  d.  Stony  Point,  e.  Spottsylvania. 
f,  Lundy's  Lane. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  6T 

APPENDIX  B. 

LAW  AUTHORIZING  THE  PROMOTION  OF  ENLISTED 
MEN,  AND  LIST  OF  QUESTIONS  ASKED  CANDIDATES 
AT  A  RECENT  EXAMINATION. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
tlie  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  the 
President  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  prescribe  a  system 
of  examination  of  enlisted  men  of  the  Army,  by  such  boards 
as  may  be  established  by  him,  to  determine  their  fitness  for 
promotion  to  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant: 

Provided,  That  all  unmarried  soldiers  under  thirty  years 
of  age,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  are  physically 
sound,  who  have  served  honorably  not  less  than  two  years  in 
the  Army,  and  who  have  borne  a  good  moral  character  before 
and  after  enlistment,  may  compete  for  promotion  under  any 
system  authorized  by  this  act. 

Section  2.  That  the  members  and  recorder  of  such  boards 
as  may  be  established  by  the  President,  under  the  provisions 
of  the  preceding  section,  shall  be  sworn  in  every  case  to  dis- 
charge their  duties  honestly  and  faithfully;  and  the  boards 
may  examine  witnesses,  and  take  depositions,  for  which  pur- 
poses they  shall  have  such  powers  of  a  court  of  inquiry  as  may 
be  necessary. 

Section  3.  That  the  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  second  lieu- 
tenant heretofore  filled  by  promotion  of  meritorious  non-com- 
missioned oflacers  of  the  Army,  under  the  provisions  of  Section 
three  of  the  act  approved  June  18,  1878,  shall  be  filled  by  the 
appoinment  of  competitors  favorably  recommended  under  this 
act,  in  order  of  merit  established  by  the  final  examination. 
Each  man  who  passes  the  final  examination  shall  receive  a 


68         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

certificate  of  eligibility,  setting  forth  the  subjects  in  which  he 
is  proficient  and  the  especial  grounds  upon  which  the  recom- 
mendation is  based:  Provided,  That  not  more  than  two  exam- 
inations shall  be  accorded  the  same  competitor. 

Section  4.  That  all  rights  and  privileges  arising  from  a 
certificate  of  eligibility  may  be  vacated  by  sentence  of  a  court- 
martial,  but  no  soldier,  while  holding  the  privileges  of  a  cer- 
tificate, shall  be  brought  before  a  garrison  or  regimental  court- 
martial  or  summary  court. 

Section  5.  That  sections  three  and  four  of  the  act  ap- 
proved June  18,  1878,  providing  for  the  promotion  of  merito- 
rious non-commissioned  oflScers,  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby, 
repealed. 

Approved  June  30,  1892. 

i 

List  of  Questions  Asked  Candidates  at  a  Recent  Examination. 
No  candidate  will  be  passed  by  the  board  who  shall  not 
have  attained  an  average  of  65  per  cent  in  each  subject  of  the 
examination  and  a  general  average  of  at  least  70  per  cent. 
English  Grammar. 

1.  What  are  the  four  divisions  of  English  grammar? 

2.  How  many  parts  of  speech  are  there  in  the  English 
language?    Define  them. 

3.  Define  analysis. 

4.  What  are  the  principal  elements  of  a  sentence  called? 
Define  them. 

5.  Analyze  the  following  sentence:     "The  boy  stood  on 
the  burning  deck,  whence  all  but  him  had  fied." 

6.  Parse  the  words  of  the  above  sentence. 

7.  Parse  the  words  in  the  following  sentence:  "The  army 
crossed  the  river  by  a  bridge  of  pontoon  boats." 

I 


in  the  United  States  Army.  69 

8.    Analyze  the  above  sentence. 

9.  Parse  the  italicized  words  of  the  following  sen- 
tence: *'When  my  time  was  expired,  I  worked  my  passage 
Jiome;  and  glad  I  was  to  see  Old  England  again,  because  I  love 
my  country." 

10.  Quotation  from  William  Cullen  Bryant,  as  an  exami- 
nation in  dictation,  orthography,  and  penmanship. 

Arithmetic, 

1.  If  a  family  by  using  two  gas  burners  7^  hours  a  day, 
pays  $6.00  a  quarter  when  gas  is  $2.40  per  1,000  cu.  ft,  what  will 
a  family  using  three  burners  four  hours  a  day  pay  per  quarter 
when  gas  is  $1.80  per  1,000  cu.  ft.? 

2.  (a)  Extract  the  cube  root  of  1250.6894.  (6)  Extract 
the  cube  root  of  %. 

3.  (a)  What  principal  will  produce  in  two  years  $650.14, 
compound  interest  at  6%? 

4.  A  banker  has  in  his  safe  the  following  note:  A  note 
for  $1670.50,  dated  July  1,  1884,  payable  on  demand  with  in- 
terest at  ^V2  %,  bears  the  following  indorsements:  August  20, 
$315;  September  21,  $360.50;  October  5,  $400;  December  1,  $160. 
What  is  due  January  1,  1885? 

5.  (a)  What  is  meant  by  the  least  common  multiple? 
(&)  Determine  the  least  common  multiple  of  6,  15,  35,  42,  and 
70.  (c)  Determine  the  least  common  multiple  of  16,  40,  96, 
and  105. 

6.  (a)  Change  11-13  into  a  fraction  whose  numerator 
shall  be  17.  (6)  Change  7-19  into  a  fraction  whose  numerator 
shall  be  27.  (c)  Change  9-31  into  a  fraction  whose  numer- 
ator shall  be  33. 

7.  A  tailor  made  three  suits  of  clothes:    for  the  first  he 


70        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

used  2%  yards  of  broadclcth,  3  1-16  yards  of  cassimere,  % 
yards  of  satin;  for  the  second  suit,  2.25  yards  of  broadcloth, 
2.875  yards  of  cassimere,  and  1  yard  of  satin;  for  the  third 
suit,  5  1-16  yards  of  broadcloth,  and  IVs  yards  of  satin.  How 
many  yards  of  each  kind  of  cloth  did  he  use?  How  many 
yards  of  all? 

8.  A  building  contractor  has  the  following  tasks  to  exe- 
cute; make  the  required  calculations  tor  him:  (a)  How  many 
perches  of  masonry  in  the  wall  of  a  cellar  which  is  20  feet 
square  on  the  Inside,  8  feet  high,  and  V/2  feet  in  thickness? 
(6)  How  many  shingles  will  it  take  to  cover  the  roof  of  a 
building  46  feet  long,  each  of  the  two  sides  of  the  roof  being 
20  feet  wide,  allowing  each  shingle  to  be  4  in.  wide  and  to  lie 
5  in.  to  the  weather?  (c)  What  will  it  cost  to  build  a  wall 
240  feet  long,  6  feet  high  and  3  feet  thick,  at  $3.25  per  1000 
brick,  each  brick  being  8  in.  long,  4  in.  wide,  and  2  in.  thick? 

9.  If  I  sell  $25,000.00  U.  S.  5-20's  of  1882  at  93%  %,  and 
invest  a  sufficient  amount  of  the  proceeds  in  IT.  S.  6's  at  109%  % 
to  yield  an  annual  income  of  $960.00,  and  buy  a  house  with 
the  remainder,  how  much  will  the  house  cost  me? 

10.  When  it  was  1  o'clock  a.  m.,  January  1,  1893,  at 
Bangor,  Maine,  68°  47'  west,  what  was  the  time  at  the  City  of 
Mexico,  99°  5"  west? 

11.  (a)  A  grocer  bought  40  quarts  of  milk  by  beer  meas- 
ure and  sold  it  by  wine  measure;  how  many  quarts  did  he 
gain?  (6)  A  bushel  (or  32  quarts  dry  measure)  contains  how 
many  more  cubic  inches  than  32  quarts  wine  measure? 

12.  (a)  Reduce  10  oz.  13  pwt.  9  gr.  to  the  decimal  of  a 
pound  Troy.  (&)  Reduce  4%  feet  to  the  decimal  of  a  fathom, 
(c)  Reduce  150  sheets  of  paper  to  the  decimal  of  a  ream. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  71 

Algebra, 

1.  What  is  the  reciprocal  of  an  algebraic  quantity?    What 
the  reciprocal  of  a;  —  m;  —  d;  v  i-  z  —  2? 

2.  Reduce  to  lowest  terms  the  following : 

a^c  +  2adc  +  d^c       (Sz^  —  1)  {2:x:^  —  l)-x^  {6x^  -  7) 


fl3 

-hSa^b  +Sad^  +  5^               {Sx^  —  iy  -f  {x^S:;t)^ 

3. 

From      4a  — dd                                      Sa  —  d 

take 

7ad{a  -  b)  —2){a^  —b^)             dab{a  +  b)  —  2{a^  +  b' 

4. 

Simplify  ^ 

'flj  +  1      b-^\     ^+1      flf+1 
abed 

cd            ab 

c  -{-  d      a  ■\'  b 

5. 

Find  the  value  of  x  in  the  following: 

2Ax  —  .12       4.6^  —  3.6       .64.;i;  —  .048 

2.8  4  7 

6.  A  crew  which  can  row  at  the  rate  of  12  miles  an  hour  in 
still  water,  finds  that  it  takes  7  hours  to  come  up  a  river  a 
certain  distance,  and  5  hours  to  go  down  again.  At  what  rate 
does  the  river  flow? 

Logarithms, 

1.  What  is  a  logarithm;  the  mantissa;  the  arithmetical 
complement? 

2.  Using  logarithms,  divide  24163  by  4567;  37.149  by  523.76. 

3.  Using  logarithms,  find  the  7th  power  of  8. 


72         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Geometry, 

1.  Upon  what  does  the  size  of  an  angle  depend?  What 
are  exterior  angles?  Alternate  interior  angles?  Corresponding 
angles?    Draw  a  diagram  showing  these  angles. 

2.  On  a  circle  3  inches  in  diameter  indicate  the  follow- 
ing: The  circumference;  the  center;  an  arc;  a  radius;  a  diam- 
eter; a  chord;  a  tangent;  a  secant;  and  describe  them. 

3.  Theorem: — An  angle  formed  by  two  secants  meeting 
without  the  circle  is  measured  by  one-half  the  difference  of  the 
intercepted  arcs.    Draw  diagram  and  demonstrate  fully. 

4.  Theorem: — An  exterior  angle  of  a  triangle  is  equal  to 
the  sum  of  the  two  interior  non-adjacent  angles.  Draw  dia- 
gram and  demonstrate  fully. 

Trigonometry. 

1.  At  the  center  of  a  circle  3  inches  in  diameter  draw  an 
angle  A,  and  then  add  lines  to  show  the  following  trigonomet- 
rical functions:  Sin.  A;  Cosin.  A;  tangent  A;  cotangent  A; 
secant  A;  cosecant  A;  Versin.  A;  and  Cover  sin.  A. 

2.  Theorem: — The  sides  of  a  plane  triangle  are  propor- 
tional to  the  sines  of  their  opposite  angles.  Draw  diagram  and 
demonstrate. 

3.  What  is  a  table  of  logarithmic  sines?  Determine  the 
tangent  of  37°  28'  31".  Determine  the  arc  answering  to  cosine 
9.944599. 

Surveying. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  a  true  meridian?  Describe  briefly  the 
method  by  which  it  is  determined. 

2.  Describe  levelling. 


XJNIVERSITY 

in  the  United  Stat^^'^i^^^^l^^^  73 

3.  With  a  surveyor's  chain  4  inches  too  long  a  man  com- 
putes the  area  of  a  tract  of  land  to  be  65  A.  2  R.  11  P.  Find  the 
correct  area. 

4.  Compute  by  method  of  Double  Meridian  Distance  the 
area  of  the  following  compass  survey: 


Station. 

Bearing. 

Distance. 

1. 

N.  311/2°   W. 

10.40  chains 

2. 

S.  36°B. 

7.60  chains 

3. 

N.  62°E. 

9.20  chains 

4. 

s.  451/2  *»  W. 

Geography. 

10.00  chains 

1.  Name  the  Great  Lakes.  What  one  lies  wholly  within 
the  United  States. 

2.  Name  the  States  that  border  on  the  Atlantic;  the  Pa- 
cific; Gulf  of  Mexico. 

3.  Through  what  waters  would  you  pass  going  by  steamer 
from  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  to  Galveston,  Texas?  From  Duluth,  Minn., 
to  Boston,  Mass.? 

4.  Name  the  capitals  of  the  following  States;  and  if  on  a 
river,  give  its  name:  Virginia,  Alabama,  Wisconsin,  New  Jer- 
sey, Missouri,  New  York,  Oregon,  Kentucky,  Minnesota,  Texas, 
South  Carolina,  and  Ohio. 

5.  Bound  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Nevada;  Nebraska 
and  Alabama. 

6.  Name  the  States  of  Central  America  and  their  capitals. 

7.  Name  the  continents.  What  portion  of  the  Earth's  sur- 
face is  land  and  what  water? 

8.  What  island  off  the  east  coast  of  Africa?  Name  five 
rivers  in  Europe. 


74        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

9.  Name  the  transcontinental  railways  of  the  United 
States. 

10.  Where  are  the  Alps  mountains?  Great  Salt  Lake?  and 
the  Aleutian  Islands? 

History, 

1.  What  are  the  three  divisions  of  history?  What  period 
of  history  is  called  the  Dark  Ages,  and  why  so  called? 

2.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  feudal  system?  Tell  all  you 
know  about  the  Crusades. 

3.  Who  was  Cyrus  the  Great?  Alexander  the  Great? 
Hannibal?    Napoleon? 

4.  Name  some  event  in  connection  with  the  life  of  each. 

5.  What  do  you  know  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War?  Who 
was  William  the  Conqueror?  Name  two  campaigns  of  Napo- 
leon the  Great. 

6.  Give  some  event  occurring  in  the  following  dates:  1588; 
1618;  1815;  1846;  and  1876.  When  was  America  first  discov- 
ered? Who  were  the  Mound  Builders?  Who  was  De  Soto? 
Henry  Hudson?  Ponce  de  Leon?  Tell  what  you  can  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War. 

7.  Name  the  thirteen  original  States.  What  were  the 
causes  of  the  Revolutionary  War?  Give  the  dates  of  the  be- 
ginning and  end.    Name  five  battles. 

8.  What  were  the  causes  of  the  War  of  1812?  Name  three 
battles  of  the  Mexican  War.  Name  tv/o  generals  of  the  United 
States  during  this  war.    Name  in  order  the  first  five  Presidents. 

9.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  Civil  War?  Give  the  date  of 
its  beginning  and  end.  Name  six  battles  and  the  victorious 
force  of  each.  When  was  the  Constitution  adopted  and  when 
did  it  go  into  operation? 


in  the  United  States  Army.  75 

10.  Name  five  important  events  in  the  history  of  the  United 
s1:ates  during  the  last  ten  years.  What  territory  was  purchased 
by  the  United  States  in  1867? 

Constitutional  Law. 

1.  What  is  the  preamble  to  the  Constitution? 

2.  How  are  congressional  representatives  chosen,  and  for 
how  long? 

3.  How  are  vacancies  filled? 

4.  How  are  senators  elected? 

5.  How  are  United  States  judgeships  filled,  and  for  how 
long? 

6.  What  constitutes  treason  against  the  United  States? 

7.  What  States  were  represented  in  the  body  that  framed 
the  Constitution? 

8.  How  may  the  Constitution  be  amended? 

9.  What  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  land? 

10.  How  may,  or  shall,  the  president,  vice-president,  and 
all  civil  oflacers  of  the  United  States  be  removed  from  office  for 
treason,  bribery,  and  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors? 

International  Law. 

1.  What  is  International  Law? 

2.  What  is  a  sovereign  State  according  to  the  interpreta- 
tion of  International  Law? 

3.  What  is  Martial  Law? 

4.  What  is  war? 

5.  To  whom,  in  every  civilized  nation,  does  the  right  to 
declare  war  belong? 

6.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "contraband  of  war"? 

7.  What  is  a  siege;  a  blockade? 


76         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

8.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  *'parole"? 

9.  What  is  a  cartel? 

10.  What  is  the  extent  of  maritime  territory,  in  a  national 
sense  ? 

Army  Regulations. 

1.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  obedience  to  lawful  orders? 
How  is  military  authority  exercised? 

2.  What  is  military  rank?  How  is  relative  rank  deter- 
mined between  oflScers  of  the  same  grade  and  date  of  appoint- 
ment, other  than  promotion  through  seniority? 

3.  What  are  the  different  ways,  and  by  whom  can  enlisted 
men  be  discharged? 

4.  Describe  the  flag  of  the  United  States.  How  are  changes 
made  in  it,  and  when  does  any  change  take  effect? 

5.  What  honors  are  paid  to  the  flag  by  armed  bodies? 
What  by  individual  oflScers  and  enlisted  men?  What  by  the 
same  when  not  armed? 

6.  What  is  a  roster?  What  details  for  duty  are  made  by 
roster? 

7.  What  constitute  the  books  and  records  of  a  company  of 
Infantry? 

8.  Describe  the  military  courtesy  between  officers  meeting, 
and  in  making  and  receiving  official  reports. 

9.  What  is  a  national  salute?  Salute  to  the  Union?  When 
is  the  latter  fired  and  what  does  it  constitute? 

10.  What  are  the  rules  with  reference  to  saluting  the 
President  with  cannon? 


in  the  United  States  Army.  77 


APPENDIX  C. 

QUESTIONS  ASKED  CANDIDATES  FROM  CIVIL  LIFE  AT 
A  RECENT  EXAMINATION. 

English  Grammar, 

1.  What  is  a  noun  and  for  what  are  they  inflected? 

2.  Give  the  feminine  form  of  the  following:  Giant;  am- 
bassador; sorcerer;  hero;  testator;  dog;  Englishman;  peacock; 
conductor;  he-bear;  duke;  traitor;  sultan;  mankind;  bachelor; 
beau. 

3.  Write  the  plurals  of  the  following:  Bandit;  court- 
martial;  die;  motto;  lasso;  fairy;  monkey;  wolf;  belief;  axis; 
man-of-war;  pailful;  Norman;  tooth-brush;  focus;  datum;  in- 
dex; Henry;  staff;  oasis. 

4.  Write  the  possessive  case  of  the  following:  We; 
women;  Charles;  they;  prince;  man-of-war;  Frederick  the 
Great;  sons. 

5.  What  is  a  verb? 

6.  Give  the  present  tense,  past  tense,  and  past  participle 
of  the  following  verbs:  Steal;  tear;  fight;  loose;  smell;  lead; 
catch;  crow;  eat;  freeze;  knit;  let;  mow;  slay;  throw;  stick; 
fly;  love;  sit;  burst;  lie  (to  recline). 

7.  What  is  an  adjective  and  how  are  they  compared? 

8.  Compare  the  following:  Bad;  little;  much;  honest; 
many;  strong;  beautiful. 

9.  What  is  the  subject  of  a  sentence?  What  is  the  predi- 
cate? 

10.  Give  an  example  of  a  regular  verb,  irregular  verb, 
transitive  verb,  intransitive  verb,  and  neuter  verb. 


78         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

11.  Parse  the  following:  (1)  Halt!  Who  is  there?  (2)  Be- 
ware, lest  evil  result.  (3)  He  is  learning  to  write.  (4)  Do 
you  wish  him  gone?  (5)  I  am  he.  (6)  He  gave  me  a  watch. 
(7)  Boys  love  to  play.     (8)  Whom  have  ye  there? 

12.  Correct  all  errors  in  the  following  sentences: 

1.  Choose  between  these  four  houses. 

2.  He  jumped  in  a  cab. 

3.  They  were  very  respected. 

4.  Ask  that  man,  he  who  stands  by  the  window. 

5.  Are  either  of  these  places  marked  on  the  map? 

6.  You  can  hardly  find  a  more  universal  blunder. 

7.  I  found  it  harder  than  I  thought  it  would  have  been. 

8.  I  have  written  to  him  so  that  he  might  be  ready  for  us. 

9.  There  is  both  a  large  and  small  dictionary  in  the  room. 

Arithmetic. 

1.  Multiply  242.0203  by  0.00203. 

2.  Divide  0.00203  by  0.000203. 

3.  Multiply  3  5-6  by  5  2-7. 

4.  Divide  5  2-7  by  3  5-6. 

5.  Reduce  the  following  to  a  decimal: 


4  H-  f  X  6X 

6.  Find  the  least  common  multiple  of  6,  7,  9,  24,  and  32. 

7.  How  many  cords  in  a  pile  of  wood  7  ft.  high,  8  ft.  wide, 
and  44  ft.  long? 

8.  What  time  elapsed  from  November  8th,  11  o'clock  a.  m., 
1847,  till  December  16th,  4  o'clock  p.  m.,  1850? 

9.  The  longitude  of  New  York  is  74°  1'  west,  and  of  Phila- 


t/nthe  United  States  Army.  79 

delphia  75°  10'  west.    What  o'clock  is  it  at  Philadelphia  when 
it  Is  noon  at  New  York? 

10.    If  three  cats  kill  three  rats  in  three  minutes,  how  many- 
cats  will  kill  100  rats  in  100  minutes? 

Algebra. 

1.  Divide  (x  +  y)^  +  8(x  +  y)^z  +  3(x  +  y)z^  -^  z^  by  (x  + 

y)*  +  2(x+y)z  +  z\ 

2.  Find  value  of  x  in  5(x  —  2)^  +  7(x  —  3)«  =  (3x  —  7)(4x 

—  19) +  42. 

3.  Find  highest  common  factor   of  3x'  +  6x*  —  24  x,  and 

6x3  _  96x. 

4.  Find  least  common  multiple  of  a^  — a — 20,  and  a* -J- 

a— 12. 

5.  Reduce  to  lowest  terms 

X  4  y 


6.     Simplify  1 


(x  +  y)  (y  —  y) 

1 


7.     Solve  this  :     (x  -a)  (x  -h)  =  (x  -a  -b)* 

8.  A  fraction  which  is  equal  to  2-3  is  increased  to  8-11 
when  a  certain  number  is  added  to  both  its  numerator  and  de- 
nominator, and  is  diminished  to  5-9  when  one  more  than  the 
same  number  is  subtracted  from  each.    What  is  the  fraction? 

9.  A  boatman  rows  30  miles  (down  stream  and  back)  in 
12  hours.  He  finds  he  can  row  5  miles  with  the  stream  in  the 
same  time  as  3  against  it.  Find  the  time  he  was  rowing  up 
stream  and  time  down  stream. 


80         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

Geometry. 

1.  What  is  a  line? 

2.  What  is  an  angle? 

3.  Explain  and  illustrate  how  to  bisect  an  angle. 

4.  Explain  and  illustrate  how  to  construct  an  angle  equal 
to  a  given  angle. 

5.  Explain  and  illustrate  how  to  erect  a  perpendicular  to 
a  line  from  without. 

6.  Explain  and  illustrate  how  to  erect  a  perpendicular  to 
a  line  at  its  extremity  when  the  line  cannot  be  produced. 

7.  What  is  an  equilateral  triangle  and  what  is  the  value, 
in  degrees,  of  each  of  its  angles?    What  is  an  isosceles  triangle? 

8.  Explain  and  illustrate  how  to  divide  a  line  3  inches 
long  into  7  equal  parts. 

9.  Demonstrate  and  explain  fully  the  following  theorem: 
Through  any  three  points  not  in  the  same  straight  line  one 
circumference  may  be  made  to  pass. 

10.  What  is  the  sum  of  the  interior  angles  of  a  polygon 
equal  to?  What  is  the  sum  of  the  interior  angles  of  a  polygon 
having  7  sides? 

11.  Find  the  circumference  of  a  circle  whose  radius  is  3 
feet. 

12.  What  is  the  area  of  a  triangle  equal  to? 

13.  The  distance  of  a  chord,  8  feet  long,  from  the  center  of 
a  circle  is  3  feet.    What  is  the  diameter  of  the  circle? 

14.  What  is  the  measure  of  an  inscribed  angle? 

15.  What  is  the  size,  in  degrees,  of  the  largest  angle  that 
can  be  inscribed  in  an  arc  of  135? 

Trigonometry  and  Logarithms, 
1.    As  an  angle  varies,  which  changes  the  more  rapidly, 
cos.  10  or  cos.  80? 


in  the  United  States  Army. 


81 


2. 


-Given  A  27°  34',  B  30°,  and  side 
^h  325  ft;  find  C,  g,  and  i. 
3.    Given  a  43  yds.,  &  55  yds.,  and  angle  C  110  degrees;  find 
the  remaining  parts  of  the  triangle  by  using  logarithms. 


4.  Prove  that  the  area  of  any  plane  triangle  is  equal  to 
half  the  rectangle  of  any  two  sides  multiplied  by  the  sine  of 
their  included  angle. 

5.  Given  a  32.244  yds.,  h  49  yds.,  C  32°  18'  10",  find  B  and 
side  c  (by  logarithms).     (See  Fig.  2.) 

6.  Find  the  number  whose  logarithm  is  V4,  of  this  loga- 
rithm—namely, 3.0214. 

7.  Multiply  1.34621  by  0.8. 

8.  What  is  the  A.  C.  of  8.20345? 

9.  What  is  the  base  of  the  Common  System  of  Logarithms? 

10.  Show  graphically,  sine,  cosine,  versine,  coversine, 
tangent,  cotangent,  secant,  cosecant. 

Surveying. 

1.  Construct  (roughly)  a  scale  of  6.336  inches  to  1  mile  to 
read  paces  of  30  inches. 

2.  Explain  how  to  adjust  the  needle  of  a  compass. 

3.  How  is  the  surveyor's  chain  folded  and  opened. 

4.  Explain  how  to  chain  up  a  hill. 

5.  What  is  a  plumb  line?    A  bubble  tube? 


82        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

6.  Explain  how  to  make  the  plane  of  the  plate  bubbles  of 
the  transit  perpendicular  to  the  vertical  axis. 

7.  Explain  how  to  make  the  axis  of  the  bubble  tube  of  the 
Wye  level  parallel  to  thp  line  of  collimation. 

8.  Explain  how  to  find  the  difference  of  level  between  two 
points,  using  the  Wye  level. 

9.  The  declination  of  a  compass  is  8°  east.  The  true  bear- 
ing of  a  line  is  N.  42°  W.  Explain  how  to  set  out  this  line  with 
the  compass. 

10.  Explain  how  to  measure  a  horizontal  angle  with  the 
transit.    A  vertical  angle. 

Geograpfip. 

1.  Name  the  States  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi? 

2.  In  traveling  from  New  York  City  to  San  Francisco  by 
the  S.  P.  Railway,  what  roads  would  you  travel  over,  and 
through  what  States  and  Territories  would  you  pass? 

3.  What  rivers  and  mountains  would  you  cross  in  going 
overland  from  the  City  of  Mexico  to  New  York? 

4.  Name  the  Territories  of  the  United  States;  give  the 
number  of  States? 

5.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and 
how  could  you  reach  it  by  water  from  Duluth? 

6.  In  going  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Missouri  River,  what  cities  would  you  pass; 
what  States  on  the  left  bank  of  each  river? 

7.  Where  is  the  Orinoco  River? 

8.  What  river  separates  France  from  Germany?  Its  direc- 
tion? 

9.  What  large  river  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea? 

10.  What  large  river  flows  into  the  Black  Sea? 


in  the  United  States  Army.  83 

11.  Into  what  does  the  Rhone  flow? 

12.  What  large  islands  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea? 

13.  What  large  islands  north  of  Scotland? 

14.  What  are  zones? 

15.  What  are  the  zones  on  the  earth's  surface,  and  how 
are  they  limited? 

16.  What  are  the  grand  divisions  on  the  earth's  surface? 

17.  What  is  a  sea?    Where  is  the  Black  Sea? 

18.  What  waters  separate  the  British  Isles  from  the  Con- 
tinent? 

19.  What    is   a   cape?    Where   are   capes   Sable   and    St. 
Roque? 

20.  What   cape  lies  at  the  southern  extremity   of  South 
America? 

21.  What   is  an  isthmus?    What  isthmus   connects  Asia 
and  Africa? 

22.  What  river  separates  Kentucky  from  Ohio? 

23.  How  do  you  go  by  water  from  Chicago  to  New  York 
City? 

24.  Bound  the  United  States  and  North  America. 

25.  Give  the  capitals  of  each  State  and  Territory. 

26.  State  the  prominent  capes  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the 
U.  S.    On  the  Pacific  Coast. 

27.  State  likewise  the  bays  and  gulfs. 

28.  State  likewise  the  peninsulas. 

29.  Where  is  Cape  Guardafui?    Northeast?    Verde? 

30.  Where  is  the  river  Nile?    Rhine?    Volga? 

31.  Where  is  Madagascar?    Borneo?    Iceland? 

32.  What  seas  north  of  Europe?    South? 

33.  Name  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Mississippi 
river  from  the  east.    From  the  west. 


84        A  Manual  for  Aspircmts  for  Commissions 

34.  What  are  the  principal  mountains  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River? 

35.  What  is  a  strait?    Where  are  the  Straits  of  Mackinac? 

36.  Bound  the  following  States,  and  name  and  locate  their 
capitals:  Arkansas;  California;  Georgia;  New  Hampshire; 
Tennessee. 

37.  How  do  you  go  from  Omaha  to  Pittsburg  by  water, 
and  what  States  do  you  pass  on  both  sides? 

38.  What  large  river  in  Africa?    Its  course? 

39.  Name  and  locate  the  Great  Deserts. 

History, 

1.  Who  was  Alexander  the  Great?  When  did  he  live? 
Who  succeeded  him? 

2.  Mention  six  names  famous  in  Greek  history.  Six  in 
Roman  history. 

3.  Between  what  nations  were  the  Punic  wars  fought? 

4.  When  did  the  Roman  Empire  begin?  Who  was  the 
first  Roman  emperor? 

5.  For  what  was  the  '^Augustan  Age"  specially  famous? 

6.  Who  was  Justinian,  and  for  what  was  he  specially 
famous? 

7.  Who  was  Charles  the  Great?  Who  succeeded  him?  In 
what  year? 

8.  What  were  the  Crusades?  Give  object  and  result  of  the 
Crusades? 

9.  Who  were  (1)  Frederick  the  Great;  (2)  Peter  the 
Great;  (3)  Alfred  the  Great?  Give  dates  of  death  of  each 
one. 

10.  Mention  five  of  the  battles  in  which  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte figured. 


in  the  United  States  Army.  S5 

11.  Who  succeeded  Napoleon  Bonaparte  as  ruler  of  the 
French? 

12.  What  are  the  forms  of  the  present  governments  of 
Europe? 

13.  When  was  the  mainland  of  North  America  discovered? 
Where? 

14.  Where  and  when  was  the  first  English  colony  in  Amer- 
ica settled? 

15.  Mention  six  battles  of  the  Revolutionary  War.    Give 
dates  and  generals  commanding  the  opposing  armies. 

16.  What  was  the  leading  cause  of  the  War  of  1812? 

17.  What  was  the  Missouri  Compromise? 

18.  What  American  city  was  captured  and  burned  in  the 
War  of  1812? 

19.  What  State  first  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession? 

20.  How  and  when  did  the  U.  S.  acquire  Louisiana? 

21.  Name  the  leading  three  battles  of  the  Mexican  War. 
Name  the  opposing  commanders. 

22.  What  officers  (naval  and  military)  were  chiefly  con- 
cerned in  the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher? 

23.  When  was  battle  of  New  Orleans  fought?    With  whom 
was  the  United  States  at  war  at  the  time? 

24.  What  was  Braddock's  expedition? 

25.  Name  one  great  naval  battle  in  each  war  in  which  the 
United  States  has  been  engaged. 

Constitutional  Law. 

1.  What  officers  of  the  Government  constitute  the  Cabinet? 

2.  Name  the  different  executive  departments  of  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

3.  With  what   general   duties   is   the   Secretary    of   War 
charged? 


86        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

4.  Wliat  agents   are   employed    to   represent  the  United 
States  in  other  countries? 

5.  Mention  some  of  the  duties  with  which  consuls  are 
charged. 

6.  How  may  a  foreign  subject  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States? 

7.  How  many  States  comprise  the  present  Union,  and  how 
may  new  States  be  admitted? 

8.  By  whom  and  for  what  purpose  was  the  Constitution 
adopted? 

9.  What  is  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  in  the  United 
States? 

10.  How  does  a  bill  become  a  law? 

11.  How  can  money  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury? 

12.  What  civil  and  religious   freedom   is   secured  to  the 
people? 

13.  When  can  the  United  States  protect  a  State  against 
domestic  violence? 

14.  What  constitutes  treason  against  the  United  States? 

15.  What  were  the  principal  defects  of  the  Articles  of  Con- 
federation? 

Intematimal  Law. 

1.  Define  international  law.    How  are  questions  of  inter- 
national law  decided? 

2.  What  is  a  sovereign  state? 

3.  What  is  a  treaty? 

4.  Name  the  different  modes  of  terminating  disputes  be- 
tween independent  states. 

5.  What  is  war?    Name  a  just  cause  of  war. 

6.  By  whom  is  war  declared  in  the  United  States? 


in  the  United  States  Army.  87 

7.  Who  are  combatants?   Non-combatants?    Spies?   Guer- 
rillas?   Partizans? 

8.  Name  the  principal  rights  and  duties  of  neutrals. 

9.  Define    blockade.    What    is     meant    by     constructive 
blockade? 

10.  Define  contraband  of  war;  a  truce;  an  armistice;   pa- 
role; prisoner  of  war;  military  occupation;  complete  conquest. 


88        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

APPENDIX  D. 

COURSE  OF  STUDY  AND  BOOKS  USED  AT  THE  MILI- 
TARY ACADEMY. 

(Books  marked  thus  *  are  for  reference.) 
FIRST  YEAR,— FOURTH  CI^ASS. 


DEPARTMENT. 


COURSE  OF  STUDY,   TEXT-BOOKS,    AND   BOOKS   OF 
REFERENCE. 


Mathematies. 


C.  Smith's  Treatise  on  Algebra. 
Davies'  I^egendre's  Geometry. 
lyUdlow's  lElements  of  Trigonometry. 
C.  Smith's  Conic  Sections. 

J.  B.  Johnston's  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying. 
♦lyUdlow's  lyOgarithmic  Tables. 


Modern 
I^anguages  . 


Drill  Regulations, 
U.  S.  Army. 


Williams'  Composition  and  Rhetoric. 

Abbott's  How  to  Write  Clearly. 

Meiklejohn's  Knglish  I^anguage. 
♦Smith's  Synonyms  Discriminated. 

♦Roget's  Thesaurus  of  Knglish  Words.   *Webster's  Diction- 
ary. 

De  Peiffer's  French  Pronunciation. 

Keetels'  Analytical  and  Practical  French  Grammar. 

Castarede's  Treatise  on  the  Conjugation  of  French  Verbs. 

Roemer's  Cours  de  lyccture  et  de  Traduction,  Vol.  I. 

B6cher's  College  Series  of  French  Plays,  Vol.  II. 
♦Spiers'  and  Surenne's  French  Pronouncing  Dictionary, 


Use  of  the  Sword, 
&c. 


Practical  Instruction  in  the  Schools  of  the  Soldier,  Com- 
pany and  Battalion — Infantry. 

Theoretical  Instruction  in  the  School  of  the  Soldier  and 
Company. 

Practical  and  Theoretical  Instruction  in  the  School  of  the 
Cannoneer — Siege  and  lyight  Artillery. 

Theoretical  and   Practical  Instruction  in  the  Service  of 
Security  and  Information. 

Kxercises  in  applied  Tactics,  and  Practice  Marches— In- 
fantry. 

Theoretical  and  Practical  Instruction  in  Target  Practice. 

U.  S.  Infantry  and  lyight  Artillery  Drill  Regulations. 

Firing  Regulations  for  Small  Arms. 

Manual  of  Security  and  Information,  by  the  Department 
of  Tactics. 


Instruction  in  Fencing  with  Rapier  and  Broad  Sword,  and 
Bayonet  Kxercise,  and  Military  Gymnastics. 


m  the  United  States  Army, 

SKCOND  YEAR— THIRD  CI,ASS. 


89 


DEPARTMENT. 


COURSB   OF    STUDY,    TEXT-BOOKS,    AND   BOOKS    OP 
REFERNCE. 


Mathematics. 


C.  Smith's  Conic  Sections  and  Solid  Geometry. 
Chufch's  Descriptive  Geometry,  with  its  Application  to 

Spherical  Projections,  Shades,  Shadows  and  Perspect- 
ive. 
Bass'  Differential  Calculus. 

D.  A.  Murrays'  Integral  Calculus. 

Johnson's  Text-Book  on  the  Method  of  Least  Squares. 


Modern 
I^anguages. 


Borel's  Grammaire  Fran^aise, 

Hennequin's  I>ssons  in  Idiomatic  French. 

B6cher's  College  Series  of  French  Plays,  Vol.  II. 

Roemer's  Cours  de  lyecture  et  de  Traduction,  Vol.  II. 

Revue  Militaire  de  I'Ktranger. 

The  Figaro. 

Edgren's  Compendious  French  Grammar. 
*De  Peiffer's  FrenchJPronunciation. 
♦Spiers'  and  Surenne's  French  Pronouncing  Dictionary. 

Monsanto  and  lyanguellier's  Spanish  Grammar. 

Knapp's  Spanish  Grammar. 

Mantilla's  Spanish  Reader,  No.  3. 

Knapp's  Spanish  Reader. 

Kco  de  Madrid. 
*Seoane's  Neumann  and  Baretti's  Spanish  Dictionary. 


Drawing. 


Drill  Regulations, 
U.  S.  Army. 


Constructive  Problems  in  Plane  Geometry.  Point  Paths. 
Topography  and  Plotting  of  Surveys  with  lead  pencil, 
pen  and  ink,  and  colors;  construction  of  the  various 
problems  in  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shades  and  Shad- 
ows, lyinear  Perspective  and  Isometric  Projections; 
Practical  Surveying  in  the  Field. 

Field  Reconnoissance  Contouring,  and  Sketching  with 
and  without  instruments;  Theory  of  color  and  laying 
of  tints;  History  of  Cartography  and  Topography; 
Triangulation  and  large  Surveys.  I^ectures  on  the  fore- 
going. 
*Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching,  including 
Photography  Applied  to  Surveying. 


Practical  Instruction  in  the  Schools  of  the  Soldier,  Com- 
pany and  Battalion— Infantry. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  School  of  the  Cannoneer — 
lyigth  Artillery  and  School  of  the  Trooper— Cavalry; 
and  Kquitation. 

Practical  Instruction  in  Small  Arms  Target  Practice. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Service  of  Security  and  In- 
formation. 

Exercises  in  applied  Tactics  and  Practice  Marches— In- 
fantry. 
*U.  S.  Army  Drill  Regulations. 


90 


A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 


♦Firing  Regulations  for  Small  Arms. 

♦Manual  of  Security  and  Information  by  the  Department 
of  Tactics. 


Practical  Military 
Engineering. 


Practical  Instruction  in  the  Construction  of  Ponton,  Spar 
and  Trestle  Bridges  and  Suiveying. 


THIRD  YEAR— SECOND  CI^ASS. 


DEPARTMENT. 

COURSE  OP  STUDY,   TEXT-BOOKS,    AND   BOOKS  OF 
REFERENCE. 

Natural 

and  Kxperimental 

Philosophy. 

Michie's  Analytical  Mechanics. 
Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy. 
Young's  General  Astronomy. 

Michie's  Elements  of  Wave  Motion  relating  to  Sound  and 
Ivight. 

Chemistry, 

Mineralogy  and 

Geology. 

Tillman's  Descriptive  General  Chemistry  (2d  Edition). 
Tillman's  Elementary  I^essons  in  Heat  (2d  Edition.) 
Tracy's  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 
Thompson's  Elementary  I^essons  in  Electricity  and  Mag- 
netism (New  and  Revised  Edition). 
Tillman's  Elementary  Text-Book  of  Mineralogy. 
I^eConte's  Elements  of  Geology  (4th  Edition). 

Drawing, 

Free  Hand  Drawing  and  I^andscape  in  black  and  white. 

Mechanical  and  Architectural  Drawing  in  ink  and  colors; 
Military  I,andscape,  Sketching  in  the  Field;  Memory 
Drawing;    Free-hand    Mechanical     Drawing    without 
instruments;  Building  Construction,   Working  Draw- 
ings, and  Isometric  Sections;  Engineering  and  Ord- 
nance Drawing;  lycctures  on  all  the  foregoing  subjects 
with  stereopticon. 
*Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching,  including 
Photography  applied  to  Surveying. 

Drill  Regulations, 
U.  S.  Army. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Schools  of  the  Soldier,  Com- 
pany and  Battalion— Infantry. 

Theoretical  Instruction  in  Drill  Regulations— Infantry. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  School  of  the  Cannoneer— Sea 
Coast  Artillery. 

Theoretical  Instruction  in  Drill  Regulations    for    lyight 
Artillery. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Schools  of  the  Troop   and 
Squadron— Cavalry  and  Equitation. 
♦Dyer's  Hand  Book  for  I,ight  Artillery. 

Practical  Military 
Engineering. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Construction  of  Ponton  Bridges; 

in  laying  Gun  Platforms,  and  in  the  Construction  of 

Revetments  and  Obstacles. 
Practical  and  Theoretical  Instruction  in  Military  Signaling. 

in  the  United  Statei 


FOURTH  YEAR— FIRST  CI.ASS. 


91 


DEPARTMENT. 


COURSE   OF  STUDY,   TEXT-BOOKS,    AND  BOOKS  OF 
REFERENCE. 


Civil  and  Military 

Kngineering 

and 

Science  of  War. 


Wheeler's  Civil  Engineering. 

Fiebeger's  Field  Fortifications. 

Mercur's  Mahan's  Permanent  Fortifications    (Edition  of 

1887). 
Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places. 
Wagner's  Organization  and  Tactics  and    the  Service  of 

Security  and  Information. 
Mahan's  Stereotomy. 


lyaw. 


History  and  His- 
torical Geography 


Davis's  Elements  of  I^aw. 

Davis's  International  lyaw  (2d  Edition). 

Davis's  Military  I^aw. 

Flanders'  Manual  of  the  Constitution. 


Drury's  General  History. 
*Ivabberton's  New  Historical  Atlas. 


Practical  Military 
Engineering. 


Demolition's. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Construction  of  Ponton,  Trestle 

and  Spar  Bridges  ;  in  the  Preparation  and  Application 

of  Siege  Materials;  and  in  I^aying  Out  Field  and  Siege 

Works. 
Practical  Instruction  in  Military  Reconnaissances  on  Foot 

and  Mounted  ;  in  Field  Telegraphy,    Night  Signaling, 

and  the  Use  of  the  Heliograph. 
*Ernst's  Manual  of  Practical  Military  Engineering. 


Natural 

and  Experimental 

Philosophy. 


Practical  Instruction  in  Astronomy. 


Drill  Regulalions, 
U.  S.  Army. 


Practical  Instruction  i  n  the  Schools  of  the  Soldier,  Com- 
pany and  Battalion— Infantry;  of  the  Troop  and  Squad- 
ron—Equitation. 

Theoretical  Instruction  U.  S.  Cavalry  Drill  Regulations. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  School  of  the  Battery— lyight, 
Horse,  and  Mountain  Artillery. 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Service  of  Security  and  In- 
formation; Exercises  in  Applied  Tactics;  Practical  In- 
struction in  Small  Arms  Target  Practice;  Practice 
Marches— Infantry,  Cavalry  and  Artillery;  I^ectures  in 
Customs  of  Service  and  Military  Etiquette;  I^ectures 
on  Hippology,  on  Age  of  Horse,  Horseshoeing,  Stable 
Management  and  Practical  Work  at  Stables,  etc. 

United  States  Army  Cavalry  Drill  Regulations. 
*Firing  Regulations  for  Small  Arms. 

"Manual  of  Security  and  Information,  by  the  Department 

of  Tactics. 
♦Dyer's  Hand  Book  for  lyight  Artillery. 


Ordnance  and 
Gunnery. 


Bruff's  Ordnance  and  Gunnery, 
Ingall's  Ballistic  Tables. 


92        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

APPENDIX  E. 
THE  ARMY  REORGANIZATION  BILL. 

(PUBLIC— No.   30.) 

An  Act  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  permanent  military  establishment 
of  the   United  States. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  from 
and  after  the  approval  of  this  Act  the  Army  of  the  United  States, 
including  the  existing  organizations,  shall  consist  of  fifteen  regiments 
of  cavalry,  a  Corps  of  Artillery,  thirty  regiments  of  infantry,  one  lieutenant- 
general,  six  major-generals,  fifteen  brigadier-generals,  an  Adjutant-General's 
Department,  an  Inspector-General's  Department,  a  Judge- Advocate-General's 
Department,  a  Quartermaster's  Department,  a  Subsistence  Department,  a 
Medical  Department,  a  Pay  Department,  a  Corps  of  Engineers,  an  Ordnance 
Department,  a  Signal  Corps,  the  officers  of  the  Record  and  Pension  Office, 
the  chaplains,  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  on  the  retired  list, 
the  professors,  corps  of  cadets,  the  army  detachments  and  band  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  Indian  scouts  as  now  authorized  by  law,  and  such 
other  officers  and  enlisted  men  as  may  hereinafter  be  provided  for:  Provided, 
That  when  a  vacancy  shall  occur  through  death,  retirement,  or  other  sepa- 
ration from  active  service  in  the  office  of  storekeeper,  now  provided  for  by 
law  in  the  Quartermaster's  Departrhent  and  Ordnance  Department,  respect- 
ively, said  office  shall  cease  to  exist. 

SEC.  2  That  each  regiment  of  cavalry  shall  consist  of  one  colonel,  one 
lieutenant-colonel,  three  majors,  fifteen  captains,  fifteen  first  lieutenants, 
and  fifteen  second  lieutenants;  two  veterinarians,  one  sergeant-major,  one 
quartermaster-sergeant,  one  commissary-sergeant,  three  squadron  sergeants- 
major,  two  color-sergeants  with  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  squadron  ser- 
geant-major, one  band,  and  twelve  troops  organized  into  three  squadrons  of 
four  troops  each.  Of  the  officers  herein  provided,  the  captains  and  lieuten- 
ants not  required  for  duty  with  the  troops  shall  be  available  for  detail  as 
regimental  and  squadron  staff  officers  and  such  other  details  as  may  be  au- 
thorized by  law  or  regulations.  Squadron  adjutants  shall  receive  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  dollars  per  annum  and  the  allowances  of  first  lieutenants; 
squadron  quartermasters  and  commissaries  shall  receive  one  thousand  six  hun- 
dred dollars  per  annum  and  the  allowances  of  second  lieutenants.  Each 
cavalry  band  shall  be  organized  as  now  provided  by  law.  Each  troop  of  cav- 
alry shall  consist  of  one  captain,  one  first  lieutenant,  one  second  lieutenant, 
one  first  sergeant,  one  quartermaster-sergeant,  six  sergeants,  six  corporals, 
two  cooks,  two  farriers  and  blacksmiths,  one  saddler,  one  wagoner,  two 
trumpeters,  and  forty -three  privates;  the  commissioned  officers  to  be  assigned 
from  among  those  hereinbefore  authorized:  Provided,  That  the  President, 
in  his  discretion,  may  increase  the  number  of  corporals  in  any  troop  of 
cavalry  to  eight,  and  the  number  of  privates  to  seventy-six,  but  the  total 
number  of  enlisted  men  authorized  for  the  whole  Army  shall  not  at  any  time 
be  exceeded. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  regimental  organization  of  the  artillery  arm  of  the 
United  States  Army  is  hereby  discontinued,  and  that  arm  is  constituted  and 
designated  as  the  Artillery  Corps.  It  shall  be  organized  as  hereinafter 
specified  and  shall  belong  to  the   line  of  the  Army. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  Artillery  Corps  shall  comprise  two  branches— the 
coast    artillery    and    the    field    artillery.    The    coast    artillery    is    defined    as 


in  the  United  States  Army.  93 

that  portion  charged  with  the  care  and  use  of  the  fixed  and  movable  ele- 
ments of  laud  and  coast  fortifications,  Including  the  submarine  mine  and 
torpedo  defenses;  and  the  field  artillery  as  that  portion  accompanying  an  army 
in  the  field,  and  including  field  and  light  artillery  proper,  horse  artillery, 
siege  artillery,  mountain  artillery,  and  also  machine-gun  batteries:  Provided, 
That  this  shall  not  be  construed  to  limit  the  authority  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  to  order  coast  artillery  to  any  duty  which  the  public  service  demands 
or  to  prevent  the  use  of  machine  or  other  field  guns  by  any  other  arm  of  the 
service  under  the  direction   of   the    Secretary   of  War. 

SEC.  5.  That  all  officers  of  artillery  shall  be  placed  on  one  list,  In  re- 
spect to  promotion,  according  to  seniority  in  their  several  grades,  and  shall 
be  assigned  to  coast  or  to  field  artillery  according  to  their  special  aptitude 
for  the  respective  services. 

*  SEC.  6.  That  the  Artillery  Corps  shall  consist  of  a  Chief  of  Artillery, 
who  shall  be  selected  and  detailed  by  the  President  from  the  colonels  of 
artillery,  to  serve  on  the  staff  of  the  general  officer  commanding  the  Army, 
and  whose  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  War;  fourteen 
colonels,  one  of  whom  shall  be  the  Chief  of  Artillery;  thirteen  lieutenant- 
colonels,  thirty-nine  majors,  one  hundred  and  ninety-five  captains,  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety-five  first  lieutenants,  one  hundred  and  ninety-five  second  lieu- 
tenants; and  the  captains  and  lieutenants  provided  for  in  this  section  not  re- 
quired for  duty  with  batteries  or  companies  shall  be  available  for  duty 
as  staff  officers  of  the  various  artillery  garrisons  and  such  other  details 
as  may  be  authorized  by  law  and  regulations;  twenty-one  sergeants-major 
with  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  regimental  sergeants-major  of  infantry; 
twenty-seven  sergeants-major  with  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  bat- 
talion sergeants-major  of  infantry;  one  electrician  sergeant  to  each  coast 
artillery  post  having  electrical  appliances;  thirty  batteries  of  field  artillery, 
one  hundred  and  twenty-six  batteries  of  coast  artillery,  and  ten  bands 
organized  as  now  authorized  by  law  for  artillery  regiments:  Provided,  That 
the  aggregate  number  of  enlisted  men  for  the  artillery,  as  provided  under 
this  Act,  shall  not  exceed  eighteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twenty,  ex- 
clusive of  electrician  sergeants. 

SEC.  7.  That  each  company  of  coast  artillery  shall  be  organized  as  is 
now  prescribed  by  law  for  a  battery  of  artillery:  Provided,  That  the  en- 
listed strength  of  any  company  may  be  fixed,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  service  to  which  it 
may  be  assigned:  And  Provided,  That  flrst-cla^s  gunners  shall  receive  two 
dollars  a  month,  and  second-class  gunners  one  dollar  per  month,  in  addition 
to  their  pay. 

SEC.  8.  That  each  battery  of  field  artillery  shall  be  organized  as  is 
now  prescribed  by  law,  and  the  enlisted  strength  thereof  shall  be  fixed 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  increase  herein  provided  for  the  artillery  shall  be 
made  as  follows:  Not  less  than  twenty  per  centum  before  July  first,  nine- 
teen hundred  and  one,  and  not  less  than  twenty  per  centum  each  succeed- 
ing twelve  months  until  the  total  number  provided  for  shall  have  been  at- 
tained. All  vacancies  created  or  caused  by  this  Act  shall  be  filled  by 
promotion  according  to  seniority  in  the  artillery  arm.  Second  lieutenants 
of  infantry  or  cavalry  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  President,  be  transferred 
to  the  artillery  arm,  taking  rank  therein  according  to  date  of  commission, 
and  such  transfers  shall  be  subject  to  approval  by  a  board  of  artillery  offi- 
cers appointed  to  pass  upon  the  capacity  of  such  officers  for  artillery  serv- 
ice: Provided,  That  the  increase  of  officers  of  artillery  shall  be  only  in 
proportion  to  the  increase  of  men. 

SEC.  10.  That  each  regiment  of  infantry  shall  consist  of  one  colonel, 
one    lieutenant-colonel,    three    majors,    fifteen    captains,    fifteen    first    lieuten- 


94         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

ants,  and  fifteen  second  lieutenants;  one  sergeant-major,  one  quartermaster- 
sergeant,  one  commissary-sergeant,  three  battalion  sergeants-major,  two  color 
sergeants  with  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  battalion  sergeants-major, 
one  band,  and  twelve  companies,  organized  into  three  battalions  of  four 
companies  each.  Of  the  officers  herein  provided, 'the  captains  and  lieutenants 
not  required  for  duty  with  the  companies  shall  be  available  for  detail  as 
regimental  and  battalion  staff  officers  and  such  other  details  as  may  be  au- 
thorized by  law  or  regulations.  Battalion  adjutants  shall  receive  one  thous- 
and eight  hundred  dollars  per  annum  and  the  allowances  of  first  lieu- 
tenants, mounted;  battalion  quartermasters  and  commissaries  shall  receive 
one  thousand  six  hundred  dollars  per  annum  and  the  allowances  of  second 
lieutenants,  mounted.  Each  infantry  band  shall  be  organized  as  now  pro- 
vided by  law.  Each  infantry  company  shall  consist  of  one  captain,  one  first 
lieutenant,  one  second  lieutenant,  one  first  sergeant,  one  quarterma^er- 
sergeant,  four  sergeants,  six  corporals,  two  cooks,  two  musicians,  one  artificer, 
and  forty-eight  privates,  the  commissioned  officers  to  be  assigned  from  those 
hereinbefore  -feuthorized:  Provided,  That  the  President,  in  his  discretion, 
may  increase  the  number  of  sergeants  in  any  company  of  infantry  to  six,  the 
number  of  corporals  to  ten,  and  the  number  of  privates  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty-seven,  but  the  total  number  of  enlisted  men  authorized  for  the  whole 
Army  shall  not,   at  any  time,   be  exceeded. 

SEC.  11.  That  the  enlisted  force  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  shall  con- 
sist of  one  band  and  three  battalions  of  engineers.  The  engineers  band 
shall  be  organized  as  now  provided  by  law  for  bands  of  infantry  regi- 
ments. Each  battalion  of  engineers  shall  consist  of  one  sergeant-major,  one 
quartermaster-sergeant,  and  four  companies.  Each  company  of  engineers 
shall  consist  of  one  first  sergeant,  one  quartermaster-sergeant  with  the  rank, 
pay,  and  allowances  of  sergeant,  eight  sergeants,  two  corporals,  two  musi- 
cians, two  cooks,  thirty-eight  first-class  and  thirty-eight  second-class  privates: 
Provided,  That  the  President  may,  in  his  discretion,  increase  the  number 
of  sergeants  in  any  company  of  engineers  to  twelve,  the  number  of  cor- 
porals to  eighteen,  the  number  of  first-class  privates  to  sixty-four,  and  the 
number  of  second-class  privates  to  sixty-four, .  but  tho  total  number  of  en- 
listed men  authorized  for  the  whole  Army  shall  not,  at  any  time,  be  exceeded: 
And  provided.  That  officers  detailed  from  the  Corps  of  Engineers  to  serve 
as  battalion  adjutants  and  battalion  quartermasters  and  commissaries  shall, 
while  so  serving,  receive  the  pay  and  allowances  herein  authorized  for  bat- 
talion staff  officers  of   infantry   regiments. 

SEC.  12.  That  the  President  is  authorized  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  Senate,  chaplains  of  the  Army,  at  the  rate  of  one  for 
each  regiment  of  cavalry  and  infantry  in  the  United  States  service  and 
twelve  for  the  Corps  of  Artillery,  with  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of 
captains  of  infantry:  Provided,  that  no  person  shall  be  appointed  a  chap- 
lain in  the  Regular  Army  who  shall  have  passed  the  age  of  forty  years, 
nor  until  he  shall  have  established  his  fitness  as  required  by  existing  law: 
And  provided.  That  the  office  of  post  chaplain  is  abolished,  and  the  officers 
now  holding  commissions  as  chaplains,  or  who  may  hereafter  be  appointed 
chaplains,  shall  be  assigned  to  regiments  or  to  the  corps  of  artillery.  Chap- 
lains may  be  assigned  to  such  stations  as  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  di- 
rect, and  they  may  be  transferred,  as  chaplains,  from  one  branch  of  the 
service  or  from  one  regiment  to  another  by  the  Secrr^tary  of  War,  without 
further  commission.  When  serving  in  the  field,  chaplains  shall  be  furnished 
with   necessary  means  of  transportation  by  the  Quartermaster's   Department. 

SEC.  13.  That  tho  Adjutant-General's  Department  shall  consist  of  one 
Adjutant-General  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  when  a  vacancy  shall 
occur  in  the  office  of  Adjutant-General  on  the  expiration  of  the  service  of 
the    present    incumbent,    by    retirement    or    otherwise,    the    Adjutant-General 


m  the  United  States  Army.  95 

shall  thereafter  have  the  rank  and  pay  of  a  brigadier-general;  five  assist- 
ant adjutants-general  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  seven  assistant  adjutants- 
general  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  fifteen  assistant  adjutants- 
general  with  the  rank  of  major:  Provided,  That  all  vacancies  created  or 
caused  by  this  section  shall,  as  far  as  possible,  be  filled  by  promotion  ac- 
cording to  seniority  of  officers  of  the  Adjutant-General's  Department. 

SEC.  14.  That  the  Inspector-General's  Department  shall  consist  of  one 
Inspector-General  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  four  inspectors-gen- 
eral with  the  rank  of  colonel,  four  inspectors-general  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  eight  inspectors-general  with  the  rank  of  major:  Pro- 
vided, That  all  vacancies  created  or  caused  by  this  section  shall  be  filled,  as 
far  as  possible,  by  promotion  according  to  seniority  of  officers  of  the  Inspector- 
General's  Department. 

SEC.  15.  That  the  Judge- Advocate-General's  Department  shall  consist 
of  one  Judge-Advocate-General  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  two 
judge-advocates  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  three  judge-advocates  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  six  judge-advocates  with  the  rank  of  major,  and 
for  each  geographical  department  or  tactical  division  of  troops  not  provided 
with  a  judge-advocate  from  the  list  of  officers  holding  permanent  commis- 
sions in  the  Judge-Advocate-General's  Department  one  acting  judge-advo- 
cate with  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  captain,  mounted.  Promotions 
to  vacancies  above  the  grade  of  major,  created  or  caused  by  this  Act,  shall 
be  made,  according  to  seniority,  from  officers  now  holding  commission  in  the 
Judge-Advocate-General's  Department.  Vacancies  created  or  caused  by  this 
Act  in  the  grade  of  major  may  be  filled  by  appointment  of  officers  holding 
commissions  as  judge-advocate  of  volunteers  since  April  twenty-first,  eight- 
een hundred  and  ninety-eight.  Vacancies  which  may  occur  thereafter  in  the 
grade  of  major  in  the  Judge-Advocate-General's  Department  shall  be  filled 
by  the  appointment  of  officers  of  the  line,  or  of  persons  who  have  satisfac- 
torily served  as  judge-advocates  of  volunteers  since  April  twenty-first,  eight- 
een hundred  and  ninety-eight,  or  of  persons  from  civil  life  who  at  date  of 
appointment  are  not  over  thirty-five  years  of  age  and  who  shall  pass  a  satis- 
factory examination  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Acting  judge-advocates  provided  for  herein  shall  be  detailed  from  offi- 
cers of  the  grades  of  captain  or  first  lieutenant  of  the  line  of  the  Army  who 
while  so  serving  shall  continue  to  hold  their  commissions  in  the  arm  of  tlio 
service  to  which  they  permanently  belong.  Upon  completion  of  a  touj  of  duty 
not  exceeding  four  years  they  shall  be  returned  to  the  arm  in  which  com- 
missioned, and  shall  not  be  again  detailed  until  they  shall  have  completed  two 
years'  duty  with  the  arm  of  the  service  in  which  commissioned. 

SEC.  16.  That  the  Quartermaster's  Department  shall  consist  of  one 
Quartermaster-General  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  six  assistant  quar- 
termasters-general with  the  rank  of  colonel,  nine  deputy  quartermasters- 
general  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  twenty  quartermasters  with  the 
rank  of  major,  sixty  quartermasters  with  the  rank  of  captain,  mounted;  the 
military  storekeeper  now  provided  for  by  law,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty 
post  quartermaster-sergeants:  Provided,  That  all  vacancies  in  the  grade  of 
colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  major  created  or  caused  by  this  section  shall 
be  filled  by  promotion  according  to  seniority,  as  now  prescribed  by  law.  That 
to  fill  original  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  captain  created  by  this  Act  in  the 
Quartermaster's  Department  the  President  is  authorized  to  appoint-  officers  of 
volunteers  commissioned  in  the  Quartermaster's  Department  since  April 
twenty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight:  Provided  further,  That  the 
President  is  authorized  to  continue  in  service,  during  the  present  emergency, 
for  duty  in  the  Philippine  Islands  and  on  transports,  twenty-four  captains 
and  assistant  quartermasters  of  volunteers.  This  authority  shall  extend  only 
for  the  period  when  their  services  shall  be  absolutely  necessary. 


96        A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

SEC.  17.  That  the  Subsistence  Department  shall  consist  of  one  Com- 
missary-General with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  three  assistant  com- 
missaries-general with  the  rank  of  colonel,  four  deputy  commissaries-gen- 
eral with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  nine  commissaries  with  the  rank  of 
major,  twenty-seven  commissaries  with  the  rank  of  captain,  mounted,  and  the 
number  of  commissary-sergeants  now  authorized  by  law,  who  shall  here- 
after be  known  as  post  commissary-sergeants:  Provided,  That  all  vacancies 
in  the  grades  of  colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  major  created  or  caused  by 
this  section  shall  be  filled  by  promotion  according  to  seniority,  as  now  pre- 
scribed by  law.  That  to  fill  original  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  captain, 
created  by  this  Act,  in  the  Subsistence  Department,  the  President  is  author- 
ized to  appoint  officers  of  volunteers  commissioned  in  the  Subsistence  De- 
partment  since  April  twenty-first,    eighteen   hundred   and   ninety-eight. 

SEC.  18.  That  the  Medical  Department  shall  consist  of  one  Surgeon- 
General  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  eight  assistant  surgeons-general 
with  the  rank  of  colonel,  twelve  deputy  surgeons-general  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  sixty  surgeons  with  the  rank  of  major,  two  hundred  and 
forty  assistant  surgeons  with  the  rank  of  captain  or  first  lieutenant,  the  Hospi- 
tal Corps,  as  now  authorized  by  law,  and  the  Nurse  Corps:  Provided,  That 
all  vacancies  in  the  grades  of  colonel,  lieutenant-colonel,  and  major  created  or 
caused  by  this  section  shall  be  filled  by  promotion  according  to  seniority, 
subject  to  the  examination  now  prescribed  by  law:  And  provided.  That  the 
period  during  which  any  assistant  surgeon  shall  have  served  as  a  surgeon 
or  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Volunteer  Army  during  the  war  with  Spain  or 
since  shall  be  counted  as  a  portion  of  the  five  years'  service  required  to 
entitle  him  to  rank  of  captain:  And  provided  also.  That  nothing  In  this  sec- 
tion shall  affect  the  relative  rank  for  promotion  of  any  assistant  surgeon 
now  in  the  service,  or  who  may  be  hereafter  appointed  therein,  as  determined 
by  the  date  of  his  appointment  or  commission  and  as  fixed  in  accordance 
with  existing  law  and  regulations:  Provided  further,  That  in  emergencies 
the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  may  appoint  as  many  contract  surgeons  as  may  be  necessary,  at  a 
compensation  not  to  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  per  month.  That 
on  or  after  the  passage  of  this  Act  the  President  may  appoint  for  duty  in 
the  Philippine  Islands,  fifty  surgeons  of  volunteers  with  the  rank  and  pay 
of  major,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  assistant  surgeons  of  volunteers  with 
the  rank  and  pay  of  captain,  mounted,  for  a  period  of  two  years:  Provided, 
That  so  many  of  these  volunteer  medical  officers  as  are  not  required  shall  be 
honorably  discharged  from  the  service  whenever  in  the  opinion  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  their  services  are  no  longer  necessary:  Providod  further.  That  assist- 
ant surgeons  in  the  Volunteer  Army  of  the  United  Statos  commissioned  by 
the  President  as  captains,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  Act  for 
increasing  the  efficiency  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  and  for  other 
purposes,  approved  March  second,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-nine,  shall 
be  entitled  to  the  pay  of  a  captain,  mounted,  from  the  date  of  their  accept- 
ance of  such  commission,  as  prescdbed  by  law:  Provided,  That  the  Surgfon- 
General  of  the  Army,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  war.  be.  and 
he  is  hereby,  aTithori55Pd  to  employ  dental  surgeons  to  serve  the  officers  and 
enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  and  Volunteer  Army,  in  the  proportion  of  not 
to  exceed  'one  for  every  one  thousand  of  said  Army,  and  not  exceeding  thirty 
in  all.  Said  dental  surgeons  shall  be  employed  as  contract  dental  snrgeons 
under  the  terms  and  conditions  applicable  to  army  contract  surgeons,  and 
shall  be  graduates  of  standard  medical  or  dental  colleges,  trained  in  the 
several  branches  of  dentistry,  of  good  moral  and  professional  character,  and 
shall  pass  a  satisfactory  professional  examination:  Provided,  That  three  of  the 
number  of  dental  surgeons  to  be  employed  shall  be  first  appointed  by  the 
Surgeon-General,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  with  reference 
to  their  fitness  for  assignment,   under  the  direction  of  the  Surgeon-General 


in  the  United  States  Army.  97 

to  the  special  service  of  conducting  the  examinations  and  supervising-  the 
operations  of  the  others;  and  for  such  special  service  an  extra  compensation 
of  sixty  dollars  a  month  will  be  allowed:  Provided  further.  That  dental 
college  graduates  now  employed  in  the  Hospital  Corps  who  have  been  detailed 
for  a  period  of  not  less  than  twelve  months  to  render  dental  service  to  the 
Army,  and  who  are  shown  by  the  reports  of  their  superior  oflScers  to  have 
rendered  such  service  satisfactorily,  may  be  appointed  contract  dental  sur- 
geons without  examination:  Provided,  That  the  Secretary  of  War  be  author- 
ized to  appoint  in  the  Hospital  Corps,  in  addition  to  the  two  hundred  hospi- 
tal stewards  now  allowed  by  law,  one  hundred  hospital  stewards:  Provided, 
That  men  who  have  served  as  hospital  stewards  of  volunteer  regiments  or 
acted  in  that  capacity  during  and  since  the  Spanish-American  war  for  more 
than  six  months  may  be  appointed  hospital  stewards  in  the  Regular  Army: 
And  provided  further.  That  all  men  so  appointed  shall  be  of  good  moral 
character  and  shall  have  passed  a  satisfactory  mental  and  physical 
examination. 

SEC.  19.  That  the  Nurse  Corps  (female)  shall  consist  of  one  Superintend- 
ent, to  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  who  shall  be  a  graduate  of 
a  hospital  training  school  having  a  course  of  instruction  of  not  less  than 
two  years,  whose  term  of  office  may  be  terminated  at  his  discretion,  whose 
compensation  shall  be  one  thousand  eight  hundred  dollars  per  annum,  and  of 
as  many  chief  nurses,  nurses,  and  reserve  nurses  as  may  be  needed.  Reserve 
nurses  may  be  assigned  to  active  duty  when  the  emergency  of  the  service  de- 
mands, but  shall  receive  no  compensation  except  when  on  such  duty:  Pro- 
vided, That  all  nurses  in  the  Nurse  Corps  shall  be  appointed  or  removed  by 
the  Surgeon-General,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War;  that  they 
shall  be  graduates  of  hospital  training  schools,  and  shall  have  passed  a 
satisfactory  professional,  moral,  mental,  and  physical  examination:  And  pro- 
vided. That  the  Superintendent  and  nurses  shall  receive  transportation  and 
necessary  expenses  when  traveling  under  orders;  that  the  pay  and  allowances 
of  nurses,  and  of  reserve  nurses,  when  on  active  service,  shall  be  forty  dol- 
lars per  month  when  on  duty  in  the  United  States  and  fiftv  dollars  per  month 
when  without  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  They  shall  be  entitled  to 
quarters,  subsistence,  and  medir>al  attendance  during  illness,  and  they  may 
be  granted  leaves  of  absence  for  thirty  days,  with  pay,  for  each  calendar 
year;  and,  when  serving  as  chief  nurses,  their  pay  may  be  increased  by 
authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  such  Increase  not  to  exceed  twenty- 
five  dollars  per  month.  Payments  to  the  Nurse  Corps  shall  be  made  by  the 
Pay  Department. 

SEC.  20.  That  the  grade  of  veterinarian  of  the  second  class  In  cavalry 
regiments.  United  States  Army,  Is  hereby  abolished,  and  hereafter  the  two 
veterinarians  authorized  for  each  cavalry  regiment  and  the  one  veterinarian 
authorized  for  each  artillery  regiment  shall  receive  the  pay  and  allowances 
of  second  lieutenants,  mounted.  Such  number  of  veterinarians  as  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  may  authorize  shall  be  employed  to  attend  animals  pertaining 
to  the  quartermaster's  or  other  departments  not  directly  connected  with  the 
r'avalry  and  artillery  rogiments,  at  a  compensation  not  exceeding  one 
hundred    dollars  per  month. 

SEC.  21.  That  the  Pay  Department  shall  consist  of  one  Paymaster- 
Ceneral  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  three  assistant  paymasters-general 
with  the  rank  of  colonel,  four  deputy  paymasters-general  with  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  twenty  paymasters  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  twenty- 
five  paymasters  with  th<^  rank  of  captain,  mounted:  Providod.  That  all  va- 
cancies in  the  gradp  of  colonel  and  lieutenant-colonel  created  or  caused  by  this 
section  shall  be  filled  by  promotion  according  to  seniority  as  now  prescribed 
by  law,  and  no  more  appointments  to  the  grade  of  major  and  paymaster  shall 
be  made  until  the  number  of  majors  and  paymasters  is  reduced  below  twenty: 


98         A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

And  provided,  That  persons  who  have  served  in  the  Volunteer  Army  sinc.G 
April  twenty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  as  additional  paymas- 
ters, may  be  appointed  to  positions  in  the  grade  of  captain,  created  by  this 
section.  So  long  as  there  remains  surplus  majors  an  equal  number  of  va- 
cancies shall  be  held  in  the  grade  of  captain,  so  that  the  total  number 
of  paymasters  authorized  by  this  section  shall  not  be  exceeded  at  any,  time. 

SEC.  22.  That  the  Corps  of  Engineers  shall  consist  of  one  Chief  of  Engin- 
eers with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  seven  colonels,  fourteen  lieutenant- 
colonels,  twenty-eight  majors,  forty  captains,  forty  first  lieutenants,  and 
thirty  second  lieutenants.  The  enlisted  force  provided  in  section  eleven  of  this 
Act  and  the  officers  serving  therewith  shall  constitute  a  part  of  the  line  of  the 
Army:  Provided,  That  the  Chief  of  Engineers  shall  be  selected  as  now  pro- 
vided by  law,  and  hereafter  vacancies  in  the  Corps  of  Engineers  in  all  other 
grades  above  that  of  second  lieutenant  shall  be  filled,  as  far  as  possible,  by 
promotion  according  to  seniority  from  the  Corps  of  Engineers:  And  provided 
also,  That  vacancies  remaining  in  the  grades  of  first  and  second  lieutenant 
may  be  filled  by  transfer  of  officers  of  the  Regular  Army,  subject  to  such  pro- 
fessional examination  as  may  be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  Va- 
cancies in  the  grade  of  second  lieutenant  not  filled  by  transfer  shall  be  left 
for  future  promotions  from  the  corps  of  cadets  at  the  United  States  Military 
Academy. 

SEC.  23.  That  the  Ordnance  Department  shall  consist  of  one  Chief  of 
Ordnance  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  four  colonels,  six  lieutenant- 
colonels,  twelve  majors,  twenty-four  captains,  and  twenty-four  first  lieuten- 
ants, the  ordnance  storekeeper,  and  the  enlisted  men,  including  ordnance 
sergeants,  as  now  authorized  by  law.  All  vacancies  created  or  caused  by  this 
section  shall,  as  far  as  possible,  be  filled  by  promotion  according  to  seniority 
as  now  prescribed  by  law. 

SEC.  24.  That  the  Signal  Corps  shall  consist  of  one  Chief  Signal  Offi- 
cer with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  one  colonel,  one  lieutenant-colonel, 
four  majors,  fourteen  captains,  fourteen  first  lieutenants,  eighty  first-class 
sergeants,  one  hundred  and  twenty  sergeants,  one  hundred  and  fifty  corporals, 
two  hundred  and  fifty  first-class  privates,  one  hundred  and  fifty  second-class 
privates,  and  ten  cooks:  Provided,  That  vacancies  created  or  caused  by  this 
section  shall  be  filled  by  promotion  of  officers  of  the  Signal  Corps  according 
to  seniority,  as  now  provided  by  law.  Vacancies  remaining  after  such  pro- 
motions may  be  filled  by  appointment  of  persons  who  have  served  in  the 
Volunteer  Signal  Corps  since  April  twenty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight:  Provided,  That  the  President  is  authorized  to  continue  in  service  during 
the  present  emergency,  for  duty  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  five  volunteer 
signal  officers  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  and  five  volunteer  signal 
officers  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant.  This  authority  shall  extend  only 
for  the  period   when    their   services   may  be    absolutely  necessary. 

SEC.  25.  That  the  officers  of  the  Record  and  Pension  Office  of  the  War 
Department  shall  be  a  chief  of  said  office  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general 
and  an  assistant  chief  of  said  office  with  the  rank  of  major:  Provided,  That 
any  person  appointed  to  be  Chief  of  the  Record  and  Pension  Office  after  the 
passage  of  this  Act  shall  have  the  rank  of  colonel. 

SEC.  26.  That  so  long  as  there  remain  any  officers  holding  permanent 
appointments  in  the  Adjutant-General's  Department,  the  Inspector-General's 
Department,  the  Quartermaster's  Department,  the  Subsistence  Department, 
the  Pay  Department,  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  the  Signal  Corps,  in- 
cluding those  appointed  to  original  vacancies  in  the  grades  of  captain  and 
first  lieutenant  under  the  provisions  of  sections  sixteen,  seventeen,  twenty- 
one,  and  twenty-four  of  this  Act,  they  shall  be  promoted  according  to  senior- 
ity In  the  several  grades,  as  now  provided  by  law,  and  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  be  deemed  to  apply  to  vacancies  which  can  be  filled  by  such  pro- 


I 


mthe  United  States  Army.  99 

motions  or  to  the  periods  for  which  the  oflBcers  so  promoted  shall  hold  their 
appointments;  and  when  any  vacancy,  except  that  of  the  chief  of  the  de- 
partment or  corps,  shall  occur,  which  cannot  be  filled  by  promotion  as  pro- 
vided in  this  section,  it  shall  be  filled  by  detail  from  the  line  of  the  Army, 
and  no  more  permanent  appointments  shall  be  made  in  those  departments 
or  corps  after  the  original  vacancies  created  by  this  Act  shall  have  been 
filled.  Such  details  shall  be  made  from  the  grade  in  which  the  vacancies 
exist,  under  such  system  of  examination  as  the  President  may  from  time  to 
time  prescribe. 

All  officers  so  detailed  shall  serve  for  a  period  of  four  years,  at  the  expi- 
ration of  which  time  they  shall  return  to  duty  with  the  line,  and  officers 
below  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  shall  not  again  be  eligible  for  selection 
in  any  staff  department  until  they  shall  have  served  two  years  with  the  line. 

That  when  vacancies  shall  occur  in  the  position  of  chief  of  any  staff  corps 
or  department  the  President  may  appoint  to  such  vacancies,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  officers  of  the  Army  at  large  not  below  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  who  shall  hold  office  for  terms  of  four  years. 
When  a  vacancy  in  the  position  of  chief  of  any  staff  corps  or  department 
is  filled  by  the  appointment  of  an  officer  below  the  rank  now  provided  by 
law  for  said  office,  said  chief  shall,  while  so  serving,  have  the  same  rank, 
pay,  and  allowances  now  provided  for  the  chief  of  such  corps  or  department. 
And  any  officer  now  holding  office  in  any  corps  or  department  who  shall 
hereafter  serve  as  chief  of  a  staff  corps  or  department  and  shall  subsequently 
be  retired,  shall  be  retired  with  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  authorized  by 
law  for  the  retirement  of  such  corps  or  department  chief:  Provided,  That  so 
long  as  there  remain  in  service  officers  of  any  staff  corps  or  department 
holding  permanent  appointments,  the  chief  of  such  staff  corps  or  department 
shall  be  selected  from  the  officers  so  remaining  therein. 

SEC.  27,  That  each  position  vacated  by  officers  of  the  line,  transferred 
to  any  department  of  the  staff  for  tours  of  service  imder  this  Act,  shall 
be  filled  by  promotion  in  the  line  until  the  total  number  detailed  equals 
the  number  authorized  for  duty  in  each  staff  department.  Thereafter  vacan- 
cies caused  by  details  from  the  line  to  the  staff  shall  be  filled  by  officers 
returning  from  tours  of  staff  duty.  If  under  the  operation  of  this  Act  the 
number  of  officers  returned  to  any  particular  arm  of  the  service  at  any 
time  exceeds  the  number  authorized  by  law  in  any  grade,  promotions  to  that 
grade  shall  cease  until  the  number  has  been  reduced  to  that  authorized. 

SEC.  28.  That  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  field  officers  and  captain,  created 
by  this  Act,  in  the  cavalry,  artillery,  and  infantry  shall  be  filled  by  promotion 
according  to  seniority  in  each  branch,  respectively.  Vacancies  existing  after 
the  promotions  have  been  made  shall  be  provided  for  as  follows:  A  sufficient 
number  shall  be  reserved  in  the  grade- of  second  lieutenant  for  the  next  grad- 
uating class  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy. 

Persons  not  over  forty  years  of  age  who  shall  have  at  any  time  served 
as  volunteers  subsequent  to  April  twenty-first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight,  may  be  ordered  before  boards  of  officers  for  such  examination  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  those  who  establish  their  fitness 
before  these  examining  boards  may  be  appointed  to  the  grades  of  first  or  sec- 
ond lieutenant  in  the  Regular  Army,  taking  rank  in  the  respective  grades  ac- 
cording to  seniority  as  determined  by  length  of  prior  commissioned  service;  but 
no  person  appointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  placed 
above  another  in  the  same  grade  with  longer  commissioned  service,  and 
nothing  herein  contained  shall  change  the  relative  rank  of  officers  hereto- 
fore commissioned  in  the  Regular  Army. 

Enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  or  volunteers  may  be  appointed  sec- 
ond lieutenants  in  the  Regular  Army  to  vacancies  created  by  this  Act,  pro- 
vided that  they  shall  have  served  one  year,  under  the  same  conditions  now 
authorized  by  law  for  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army. 


100       A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

SEO.  29.  That  to  fill  vacancies  occurring  from  time  to  time  In  the  sev- 
eral organizations  serving  without  the  limits  of  the  United  States  with  trained 
men,  the  President  is  authorized  to  enlist  recruits  in  numbers  equal  to  four 
per  centum  in  excess  of  the  total  strength  authorized  for  such  organizations. 

SEC.  30.  That  the  President  is  authorized  to  maintain  the  enlisted  force 
of  the  several  organizations  of  the  Army  at  their  maximum  strength  as 
fixed  by  this  Act  during  the  present  exigencies  of  the  service,  or  until  such 
time  as  Congress  may  hereafter  otherwise  direct:  Provided,  That  in  the  event 
of  the  enlistment  of  a  soldier  in  the  Army  for  the  period  required  by  law, 
and  after  the  expiration  of  one  year  of  service,  should  either  of  his  parents 
die,  leaving  the  other  solely  dependent  upon  the  soldier  for  support,  such 
soldier  may,  upon  his  own  application,  be  honorably  discharged  from  the 
service  of  the  United  States  upon  due  proof  being  made  of  such  condition 
to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

SEC.  31.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  Is  authorized  to  detach  from  the 
Army  at  large  such  number  of  enlisted  men  as  may  be  necessary  to  per- 
form duty  at  the  various  recruiting  stations,  and  while  performing  such 
duty  one  member  of  each  party  shall  have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances 
of  sergeant,  and  one  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  corporal  of  the  arm 
of  the  service  to  which  they  respectively  belong. 

SEC.  32.  That  when  the  exigencies  of  the  service  of  any  officer  who  would 
be  entitled  to  promotion  upon  examination  require  him  to  remain  absent 
from  any  place  where  an  examining  board  could  be  convened,  the  President 
is  hereby  authorized  to  promote  such  officer  subject  to  examination,  and  the 
examination  shall  take  place  as  soon  thereafter  as  practicable.  If  upon  ex- 
amination the  officer  be  found  disqualified  for  promotion,  he  shall,  upon  the 
approval  of  the  proceedings  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  be  treated  in  the  same 
manner  as  if  he  had  been   examined  prior  to   promotion. 

SEC.  33.  The  President  of  the  United  States  Is  hereby  authorized  to  select 
from  the  brigadier-generals  of  volunteers  two  volunteer  officers,  without 
regard  to  age,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  ap- 
point them  brigadier-generals,  United  States  Army,  for  the  purpose  of  plac- 
ing them   on  the  retired  list. 

And  the  President  is  also  hereby  authorized  to  select  from  the  retired 
list  of  the  Army  an  officer  not  above  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  who  may 
have  distinguished  himself  during  the  war  with  Spain,  in  command  of  a 
separate  army,  and  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate,  the  officer  so  selected  to  be  major-general,  United  States  Army,  with 
the  pay  and  allowances  established  by  law  for  officers  of  that  grade  on 
the  retired  list. 

SEC.  34,  That  all  officers  who  have  served  during  the  war  with  Spain,  or 
since,  as  officers  of  the  Regular  or  Volunteer  Army  of  the  United  States, 
and  have  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  service  by  resignation  or 
otherwise,  shall  be  entitled  to  bear  the  official  title  and,  upon  occasions  of 
ceremony,  to  wear  the  uniform  of  the  highest  grade  they  have  held  by  bre- 
vet or  other  commission  in  the  regular  .or  volunteer  service. 

SEC.  35.  That  the  Secretary  of  War  be,  and  he  Is  hereby,  authorized  and 
directed  to  cause  preliminary  examinations  and  surveys  to  be  made  for  the 
purpose  of  selecting  four  sites  with  the  view  to  the  establishment  of  perma- 
nent camp-grounds  for  instruction  of  troops  of  the  Regular  Army  and  National 
Guard,  with  estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  sites  and  their  equipment  with 
all  modern  appliances,  and  for  this  purpose  Is  authorized  to  detail  such  offi- 
cers of  the  Army  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  on  the  preliminary  work;  and 
the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  Is  hereby  appropriated  for  the  necessary 
expense  of  such  work,  to  be  disbursed  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary 
of  War:  Provided,  That  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  report  to  Congress  the 
result  of  such  examination   and  surveys,   and  no  contract  for  said  sites  shall 


in  the  United  States  Army.  101 

be  made  nor  any  obligation  incurred  until  Congress  shall  approve  such  selec- 
tions and  appropriate  the  money  therefor. 

SEC.  36.  That  when,  in  his  opinion,  the  conditions  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
justify  such  action,  the  President  is  authorized  to  enlist  natives  of  those 
islands  for  service  in  the  Army,  to  be  organized,  as  scouts,  with  such  oflS- 
cers  as  he  shall  deem  necessary  for  their  proper  control,  or  as  troops  or 
companies,  as  authorized  by  this  Act,  for  the  Regular  Army.  The  Presi- 
dent is  further  authorized,  in  his  discretion,  to  form  companies,  organized  as 
are  companies  of  the  Regular  Army,,  in  squadrons  or  battalions,  with  officers 
and  non-commissioned  officers  corresponding  to  similar  organizations  in  the  cav- 
alry and  infantry  arms.  The  total  number  of  enlisted  men  in  said  native 
organizations  shall  not  exceed  twelve  thousand,  and  the  total  enlisted  force 
of  the  line  of  the  Army,  together  with  such  native  force,  shall  not  exceed 
at  any  one   time  one  hundred  thousand. 

The  majors  to  command  the  squadrons  and  battalions  shall  be  selected 
by  the  President  from  captains  of  the  line  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  while 
so  serving  they  shall  have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  the  grade  of 
major.  The  captains  of  the  troops  or  companies  shall  be  selected  by  the 
President  from  first  lieutenants  of  the  line  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  while 
so  serving  they  shall  have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  captain  of  the 
arm  to  which  assigned.  The  squadron  and  battalion  staff  officers,  and  first 
and  second  lieutenants  of  companies,  may  be  selected  from  the  non-commis- 
sioned officers  or  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  of  not  less  than  two 
years'  service,  or  from  officers  or  non-commissioned  officers  or  enlisted  men 
serving,  or  who  have  served,  in  the  volunteers  subsequent  to  April  twenty- 
first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  and  officers  of  those  grades  shall  be 
given  provisional  appointments  for  periods  of  four  years  each,  and  no  such 
appointments  shall  be  continued  for  a  second  or  subsequent  term  unless  the 
officer's  conduct  shall  have  been  satisfactory  in  every  respect.  The  pay  and 
allowances  of  provisional  officers  of  native  organizations  shall  be  those  author- 
ized for  officers  of  like  grades  in  the  Regular  Army.  The  pay,  rations,  and 
clothing  allowances  to  be  authorized  for  the  enlisted  men  shall  be  fixed  by 
the  Secretary  of  War,  and  shall  not  exceed  those  authorized  for  the  Regular 
Army. 

When,  in  the  opinion  of  the  President,  natives  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
shall,  by  their  services  and  character,  show  fitness  for  command,  the  Presi- 
dent is  authorized  to  make  provisional  appointments  to  the  grades  of  second 
and  first  lieutenants  from  such  natives,  who,  when  so  appointed,  shall  have 
the  pay  and  allowances  to  be  fixed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  not  exceeding 
those  of  corresponding   grades  of   the  Regular  Army. 

SEC.  37.  That  the  President  is  authorized  to  organize  and  maintain  one 
provisional  regiment  of  not  exceeding  three  battalions  of  infantry,  for  service 
in  Porto  Rico,  the  enlisted  strength  thereof  to  be  composed  of  natives  of  that 
island  as  far  as  practicable.  The  regiment  shall  be  organized  as  to  numbers 
as  authorized  for  infantry  regiments  of  the  Regular  Army.  The  pay,  rations, 
and  clothing  allowances  to  be  authorized  for  the  enlisted  men  shall  be  fixed 
by  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  shall  not  exceed  those  authorized  for  the  Regular 
Army.  The  field  officers  shall  be  selected  from  officers  of  the  next  lower 
grades  in  the  Regular  Army,  and  shall,  while  so  serving  in  the  higher  grade, 
have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  thereof.  The  company  and  regimental 
and  batalion  staff  officers  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President.  The  President 
may,  in  his  discretion,  continue  with  their  own  consent  the  volunteer  officers 
and  enlisted  men  of  the  Porto  Rico  regiment,  whose  terms  of  service  expire 
by  law  .Tuly  first,  nineteen  hundred  and  one.  Enlistments  for  the  Porto  Rico 
regiment  shall  be  made  for  periods  of  three  years,  unless  sooner  discharged. 
The  regiment  shall  be  continued  in  service  until  further  directed  by  Congress. 


102       A  Manual  for  Aspirants  for  Commissions 

SEC.  38.  The  sale  of  or  dealing  in  beer,  wine  or  any  intoxicating  liquors 
by  any  person  in  any  post  exchange  or  canteen  or  army  transport  or  upon  any 
premises  used  for  military  purposes  in  the  United  States  is  hereby  prohibited. 
The  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  directed  to  carry  the  provisions  of  this  section 
into  full  force  and  effect. 

SEC.  39.  That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  held  or  construed  so  as  t6  dis- 
charge any  officer  from  the  Regular  Army  or  to  deprive  him  of  the  commis- 
sion which  he  now  holds  therein. 

SEC.  40.  That  the  President  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  prescribe 
the  kinds  and  quantities  of  the  component  articles  of  the  army  ration,  and 
to  direct  the  issue  of  substitutive  equivalent  articles  in  place  of  any  such 
components  whenever,  in  his  opinion,  economy  and  a  due  regard  to  the  health 
and  comfort  of  the  troops  may  so  require. 

SEC.  41.  That  the  distinctive  badges  adopted  by  military  societies  of 
men  "who  served  in  the  armies  and  navies  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Spanish-American  war  and  the  incident  insurrection  in  the  Philippines"  may 
be  worn  upon  all  occasions  of  ceremony  by  oflScers  and  men  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  United  States  who  are  members  of  said  organizations  in  their 
own  right. 

SEC.  42.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  with  the  provisions 
of  this  Act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  February  2,   1901. 


UNIVER3ITY 


I 


Organization  and  Tactics. 

(second  edition.) 

.   .   BY  .    . 

IvIKUT.-COIvONKIy  ARTHUR  ly.  WAGNKR, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General  U.  S.  Army;  formerly  Instructor  in  the  Art  of 
War  at  the  U.  S.  Infantry  and  Cavalry  School. 


CONTENTS. 


Introdnctioi.— Organization  and  Discipline. — Characteristics 
of  the  Three  Arms. — Historical  Sketch  of  Modern  Infantry. — 
Infantry  in  Attack  and  Defense. — Historical  Sketch  of  Modern 
Cavalry. — Cavalry  in  Attack  and  Defense. — Historical  Sketch  of 
Field  Artillery. — Artillery  in  Attack  and  Defense. — The  Three 
Arms  Combined. — Convoys. 


THIS   BOOK  has  been  officially  adopted  by  the  War  Department  as   a 
standard  in  the  examination  of  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  for  promo- 
tion.   It  has  also  been  officially  adopted  as  a  text-book  in 

The  U.  S.  ARTILLERY  SCHOOL,  Fort  Monroe. 

The  U.  S.  INFANTRY  and  CAVALRY  SCHOOL,  Fort  Leav- 
enworth. 

The  U.  S.  CAVALRY  and  LIGHT  ARTILLERY  SCHOOL,  Fort 
Riley. 

The  U.  S.  ENGINEER  SCHOOL,  Willets  Point,  N.  Y. 


8vo,  514  Pages,       -       -       Price,  $3.00, 

Hudson-Kimberly  Publishing  Co^ 

1014-1016  Wyandotte  St ,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


THE^SERVICE 


OF  .  . 


Security  and  Information. 

RKVISSD  EDITION  (fourth). 

By  Likut.-Coi.onei.  Arthur  L.  Wagner, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General  U.  S.  Army ;  formerly  Instructor  in  the  Art  of 
War  at  the  U.  S.  Infantry  and  Cavalry  School,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas. 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter  I.- 
Chapter  II.- 
Chapter  III.- 
Chapter  IV.- 
Chapter  V.- 
Screen 
Chapter  VI. — Rear  Guards. 


Introduction. 
Advance  Guards. 
Outposts. 
■Reconnaissance. 
-The  Cavalry 


Chapter   VII.— Spies. 

Chapter  VIII. — Orientation  and 

Map-Reading. 
Chapter  IX.— Indian  Scouting. 
Appendix    I.  —Advance  Guard 

Drill. 
Appendix  IL  —  Questions    for 

General  Review. 


Illustrated  with  Fifteen  Plates, 


THIS   BOOK  has  been  officially  adopted  by  the  War  Department  as  a 
standard  in  the  examination  of  officers  of  the  Reerular  Army  for  promo- 
tion.   It  has  also  been  officially  adopted  as  a  text-book  in 

The  U,  S.  ARTILLERY  SCHOOL,  Fort  Monroe. 
The  U.  S.  INFANTRY  and  CAVALRY  SCHOOL,  Fort  Leavenworth. 
The  U.  S.  CAVALRY  and  LIGHT  ARTILLERY  SCHOOL,  Fort  Riley. 
The  U.  S.  ENGINEER  SCHOOL,  Willets  Point,  N.  Y. 


8to,  294  Pa^es,       -       -       Price,  $1.60. 

Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  price  by 

HUDSON-KIMBERLY  PUBLISHING  CO., 

1014-1016  Wyandotte  St.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


HuDSON-KlMBERLY    PUBLISHING  Co- 
KANSAS  CITY,  MO* 

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ORGANIZATION  AND  TACTICS,  Revised  Second  Edition. 
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Maude,  R.E.,  author  of  "IvCtters  on  Tactics  and  Organiza- 
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CAVALRY  STUDIES  FROM  TWO  GREAT  VARS,  com- 
prising the  French  Cavalry  in  1870,  by  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Bonie  (French  Army).  The  German  Cavalry  in  the  Battle  of 
Vionville — Mars-La-Tour,  by  Major  Kaehler  (German  Gen- 
eral Staflf).  The  Operations  of  the  Cavalry  in  the  Gettysburg 
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Illustrated;  full  blue  cloth.     Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  $1.50. 

TACTICAL  STUDIES  ON  THE  BATTLES  AROUND 
PLEVNA.  By  Thilo  von  Trotha,  Captain  of  the  Grenadier 
Regiment  Frederick  William  IV.  (Attached).  1  volume, 
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EXTRACTS  FROM  AN  INFANTRY  CAPTAIN'S  JOUR- 
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TIVELY TRAI!>nNG  A  COMPANY  IN  SKIRMISHING 
AND  OUTPOST  DUTY,  by  Major  von  Arnim.  of  Hohen- 
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MILITARY  LANCE  LINE  CONSTRUCTION,  for  Semi-perma- 
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MILITARY  LANCE  LINE  CONSTRUCTION,  For  Semi- 
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Engineers,  O.  N.  G.,  Late  Signal  Corps,  U.  S.  V.    Paper,  25c. 

A  MANUAL  FOR  ASPIRANTS  FOR  COMMISSIONS  IN 
THE  U.  S.  ARMY.  By  Ira  L.  Reeves,  First  Lieutenant, 
Fourth  U.  S.  Infantry-.  The  above  book  gives  the  latest  lai^-s 
and  regulations  governing  the  applications,  examinations 
and  appointment  of  candidates  for  commissions  in  the  Army, 
together  with  other  information  which  will  probably  be  found 
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Address  HUDSON-KIMBERLY  PUBLISHING  CO., 
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twS  .  !^  12; 


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